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The telephone exchanges—in the Bell System they were officially called central offices—became local exchange points in the nationwide system. Each of them was also assigned a three-digit number unique within its NPA. The combination of NPA code and central office code served as a destination routing code for use by operators to reach any central office through the switching network. [22] Due to the numerical structure of the numbering system, each NPA was technically limited to 540 central offices. [23]

The North American Numbering Plan (NANP) - VoIP-Info

AT&T, All-Number Calling Being Introduced In Bell System, Bell Laboratories Record 38(12) p.470 (December 1960) Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), Numbering and Dialing Plans within the United States (ATIS-0300076), December 2008, p.7The initial plan for area code overlays did allow for providing separate area codes for use by mobile devices, although these were still assigned to a specific geographical area, and were charged at the same rate as other area codes. Initially, the area code 917 for New York City was specifically assigned for this purpose within the boroughs; however, a Federal court overturned the practice and the use of an area code for a specific telephony purpose. [ citation needed] Since mobile telephony has been expanding faster than landline use, new area codes typically have a disproportionately large fraction of mobile and nomadic numbers, although landline and other services rapidly follow and local network portability can blur these distinctions. Unlike many countries calls between the majority of local stations in the United States and Canada are toll-free, with only long distance calls incurring a toll charge. The requirement for prefixing a leading 1 to place a toll call is known as requiring toll alerting. The need for toll alerting varies from NPA to NPA however it is universally active in Canada and implemented for many other jurisdictions in the NANP. Some carrier-specific services have used area code 700. In Canada, area code 600 is used for non-geographic applications. Area code 900 has been used for high-toll 900 numbers. The North American Numbering Plan ( NANP) is a telephone numbering plan for twenty-five regions in twenty countries, primarily in North America and the Caribbean. This group is historically known as World Zone 1 and has the telephone country code 1. Some North American countries, most notably Mexico, do not participate in the NANP.

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The NANP is administered by the North American Numbering Plan Administrator (NANPA, formerly Administration). [14] This function is overseen by the Federal Communications Commission, which assumed the responsibility upon the breakup of the Bell System. The FCC solicits private sector contracts for the role of the administrator. Brewer, Bill. 423 Area Code To Become VOL In 9 ET Counties. Knoxville News-Sentinel. April 17, 1999. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 ( 47U.S.C. §251 (b)(2)) authorizes the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to require all local exchange carriers (LECs) to offer local number portability. [50] The FCC regulations were enacted on June 27, 1996, with changes to take effect in the one hundred largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas by October 1, 1997, and elsewhere by December 31, 1998. [51] a b c Blair N.D., Cosgrove M.P. (AT&T), why all numbers?, Bell Telephone Magazine, Autumn 1962, p.10 The letter system was phased out, beginning before 1965, although it persisted ten years later in some places. It was included in Bell of Pennsylvania directories until 1983. Even today, some businesses still display a 2L-5N number in advertisements, e.g., the Belvedere Construction Company in Detroit, Michigan not only still uses the 2L-5N format for its number (TYler 8-7100), it uses the format for the toll-free number (1-800-TY8-7100).Canada and the United States have experienced rapid growth in the number of area codes, particularly between 1990 and 2005. The widespread adoption of fax, modem, and mobile phone communication, as well as the deregulation of local telecommunication services in the United States in the mid-1990s, increased the demand for telephone numbers. In NPAs that do not require overlay facilities numbers of the form NXX-XXXX are colloquially referred to as local and numbers of the form 1-NPA-NXX-XXXX are known as long distance. In certain NPAs, particularly large urban areas, the maximum number of available NXX and Station code combinations has been reached, requiring additional non-toll NPA’s to be assigned – these are known as overlay facilities and their presence is generally reflected by ‘local’ numbers taking on the form NPA-NXX-XXXX and ‘long distance’ the form 1-NPA-NXX-XXXX. The NANPA maintains historical assignments statistics on Station and Exchange code use within each NPA and periodically issues exhaustion projections (eg. http://www.nanpa.com/pdf/NRUF/2006-2NPA_Exhaust_Projections.pdf) which are used to advertise and plan network structure changes. The status of the network of the 1960s was reflected in a new name used in technical documentation: North American Integrated Network. [7] By 1975, the numbering plan was referred to as the North American Numbering Plan, [8] leading to the well-known acronym NANP, as other countries sought or considered joining in the standardization. The Dutch Caribbean territory of Sint Maarten joined the NANP in September 2011, receiving area code 721. [13] Sint Maarten shares the island with the French Collectivity of Saint Martin which, like the rest of the French Caribbean, is not part of the NANP. The NANP numbering format may be summarized in the ten-digit notation NXX NXX-XXXX, where N denotes any of the digits 2–9, and X denotes any digit 0–9.

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While direct dialing of international calls was available in some locations in the United States by the late 1950s, a continental system was introduced as Pilliod, J.J; Ryan, H.L. (1945). "Operator Toll Dialing—A New Long Distance Method". Bell Telephone Magazine. 24: 101 . Retrieved 2023-07-11.

The North American numbering plan is available in a data base called the LERG maintained by Telcordia. All-number calling was a telephone numbering plan introduced in 1958, [33] that converted telephone numbers with exchange names to a numeric representation of seven digits.

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Despite its early importance as a share of the worldwide telephone system, few of the NANP's codes, such as 911, have been adopted outside the system. Determining that 911 requires unnecessary rotation time on rotary dial telephones, the European Union has adopted its own standardized number of 112, while countries in Asia and the rest of the world use a variety of other two- or three-digit emergency telephone number combinations. The 112 code is gaining prevalence because of its preprogrammed presence in mobile telephones that conform to the European GSM standard. The European Union and many other countries have chosen the International Telecommunication Union's 00 as their international access number instead of 011. However, the toll-free prefix 800 has been widely adopted elsewhere, including as the international toll-free country code. It is often preceded by a 0 rather than a 1 in many countries where 0 is the trunk prefix. The structure of the North American Numbering Plan permits implementation of local dial plans in each plan area, depending on requirements. When multiple NPA codes serve an area in an overlay arrangement, ten-digit (10D) dialing is required. Seven-digit (7D) dialing may be permissible in areas with single area codes. [45] Depending on the requirement of toll alerting, it may be necessary to prefix a telephone number with 1. The NANPA publishes dial plan information for individual area codes. [46]The North American Numbering Plan does not set aside special non-geographic area codes exclusively for cellular phones, as is customary in some other national telephone administrations. Only one regional exception exists in area code 600 in Canada. In 1947, AT&T completed the new design for a nationwide toll network that established the original North American area codes. The new numbering plan provided for 152 area codes, each with a capacity to serve up to 540 central offices. [26] Originally, only eighty-six area codes were assigned. New Jersey received the first NPA code in the new system, area code 201. [27] The second area code, 202, was assigned to the District of Columbia. The allocation of area codes was readjusted as early as 1948 to account for inadequacies in some metropolitan areas. For example, the Indiana numbering plan area 317 was divided to provide a larger numbering pool in the Indiana suburbs of Chicago ( area code 219).