Tiger on a Tree - PB

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Smith, J. L. D. (1993). "The role of dispersal in structuring the Chitwan tiger population". Behaviour. 124 (3): 165–195. doi: 10.1163/156853993X00560. Cho, Y. S.; Hu, L.; Hou, H.; Lee, H.; Xu, J.; Kwon, S.; Oh, S.; Kim, H. M.; Jho, S.; Kim, S.; Shin, Y. A.; Kim, B. C.; Kim, H.; Kim, C. U.; Luo, S. J.; Johnson, W. E.; Koepfli, K. P.; Schmidt-Küntzel, A.; Turner, J. A.; Marker, L.; Harper, C.; Miller, S. M.; Jacobs, W.; Bertola, L. D.; Kim, T. H.; Lee, S.; Zhou, Q.; Jung, H. J.; Xu, X. & Gadhvi, P. (2013). "The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes". Nature Communications. 4: 2433. Bibcode: 2013NatCo...4.2433C. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3433. hdl: 2263/32583. PMC 3778509. PMID 24045858.

Luo, S.; Johnson, W. E.; Martenson, J.; Antunes, A.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Traylor-Holzer, K.; Smith, J. L.D.; O'Brien, S. J. (2008). "Subspecies Genetic Assignments of Worldwide Captive Tigers Increase Conservation Value of Captive Populations". Current Biology. 18 (8): 592–596. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.053. PMID 18424146. S2CID 16594083. Kuznets, L. R. (1994). When Toys Come Alive: Narratives of Animation, Metamorphosis, and Development. Yale University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0300056457. The Tiger Species Survival Plan has condemned the breeding of white tigers, alleging they are of mixed ancestry and of unknown lineage. The genes responsible for white colouration are represented by 0.001% of the population. The disproportionate growth in numbers of white tigers points to inbreeding among homozygous recessive individuals. This would lead to inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variability. [71]

Adhikarimayum, A. S. & Gopi, G. V. (2018). "First photographic record of tiger presence at higher elevations of the Mishmi Hills in the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, Arunachal Pradesh, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 10 (13): 12833–12836. doi: 10.11609/jott.4381.10.13.12833-12836. The Indochina tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti): Is named after the well-known British hunter Jim Corbett and is also referred to as Corbett’s tiger. Native to Southeast Asia (China, Thailand, Laos, Burma, and Vietnam), the Indochina tiger is nearly critically endangered.

The tiger's skull is similar to a lion's skull, with the frontal region usually less depressed or flattened, and a slightly longer postorbital region. The lion skull shows broader nasal openings. Due to the variation in skull sizes of the two species, the structure of the lower jaw is a reliable indicator for their identification. [19] The tiger has fairly stout teeth; its somewhat curved canines are the longest among living felids with a crown height of up to 90mm (3.5in). [23] Size Karanth, K. U. & Nichols, J. D. (1998). "Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures" (PDF). Ecology. 79 (8): 2852–2862. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:EOTDII]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 176521. Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. "SECTION LXVIII". The Mahabharata. Translated by Ganguli, K. M . Retrieved 15 June 2016– via Internet Sacred Text Archive. Cracraft, J.; Feinstein, J.; Vaughn, J. & Helm-Bychowski, K. (1998). "Sorting out tigers ( Panthera tigris): mitochondrial sequences, nuclear inserts, systematics, and conservation genetics" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 1 (2): 139–150. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00021.x. S2CID 34186394. Fossil teeth and bones found in Borneo were attributed to the Bornean tiger and date to about 13,745 to 3,000 years ago. It may have accessed Borneo, when the sea level was low during a glaciation period, and may have survived until about 200 years ago. [39] [40]

Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica): Found on the Indonesian Island of Java and went extinct in 1980.

a b c d e Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Tiger Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co. pp.180–215. ISBN 978-0-7950-0128-4. Foster, P. (2007). "Why the tiger's future is far from bright". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 . Retrieved 19 September 2018. a b Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 264 (1–2): 123–127. Bibcode: 2008PPP...264..123P. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003. In Chinese mythology and culture, the tiger is one of the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac. In Chinese art, the tiger is depicted as an earth symbol and equal rival of the Chinese dragon – the two representing matter and spirit respectively. The Southern Chinese martial art Hung Ga is based on the movements of the tiger and the crane. In Imperial China, a tiger was the personification of war and often represented the highest army general (or present day defense secretary), [194] while the emperor and empress were represented by a dragon and phoenix, respectively. The White Tiger ( Chinese: 白虎; pinyin: Bái Hǔ) is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It is sometimes called the White Tiger of the West (Chinese: 西方白虎), and it represents the west and the autumn season. [194] Karanth, K. U. & Sunquist, M. E. (1995). "Prey Selection by Tiger, Leopard and Dhole in Tropical Forests". Journal of Animal Ecology. 64 (4): 439–450. doi: 10.2307/5647. JSTOR 5647.

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Once it has killed a full size deer like sambar which might weigh 300kgs, the tiger will feed for around 4 days. There are records of tigers eating around 18 to 20kgs of meat in one sitting. 13. Tigers will mate around 50 times a day and copulation might last less than 15 seconds. Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja (2009) Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, p. 84.

In the Ille Cave on the island of Palawan, two articulated phalanx bones were found amidst an assemblage of other animal bones and stone tools. They were smaller than mainland tiger fossils, possibly due to insular dwarfism. [41] It has been speculated that the tiger parts were either imported from elsewhere, or that the tiger colonised Palawan from Borneo before the Holocene. [42] [43] Fossil remains of tigers were also excavated in Sri Lanka, China, Japan and Sarawak dating to the Late Pliocene, Pleistocene and Early Holocene. [38] [39]Following Linnaeus's first descriptions of the species, several tiger specimens were described and proposed as subspecies. [12] The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands. [13] The Middle English tigre and Old English tigras derive from Old French tigre, from Latin tigris. This was a borrowing of Classical Greek τίγρις 'tigris', a foreign borrowing of unknown origin meaning 'tiger' and the river Tigris. [6] The origin may have been the Persian word tigra ('pointed or sharp') and the Avestan word tigrhi ('arrow'), perhaps referring to the speed of the tiger's leap, although these words are not known to have any meanings associated with tigers. [7] Mazák's description was based on 25 specimens in museum collections that were smaller than tigers from India and had smaller skulls. [24] The tiger is among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. It featured prominently in the ancient mythology and folklore of cultures throughout its historic range and continues to be depicted in modern films and literature, appearing on many flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and South Korea. The tiger is a long-ranging species, and individuals disperse over distances of up to 650km (400mi) to reach tiger populations in other areas. [88] Radio-collared tigers in Chitwan National Park started dispersing from their natal areas earliest at the age of 19 months. Four females dispersed between 0 and 43.2km (0.0 and 26.8mi), and 10 males between 9.5 and 65.7km (5.9 and 40.8mi). None of them crossed open cultivated areas that were more than 10km (6.2mi) wide, but moved through forested habitat. [89]