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In the Middle Ages, Satan played a minimal role in Christian theology and was used as a comic relief figure in mystery plays. During the early modern period, Satan's significance greatly increased as beliefs such as demonic possession and witchcraft became more prevalent. During the Age of Enlightenment, belief in the existence of Satan was harshly criticized by thinkers such as Voltaire. Nonetheless, belief in Satan has persisted, particularly in the Americas. During the Second Temple Period, when Jews were living in the Achaemenid Empire, Judaism was heavily influenced by Zoroastrianism, the religion of the Achaemenids. [34] [8] [35] Jewish conceptions of Satan were impacted by Angra Mainyu, [8] [36] the Zoroastrian spirit of evil, darkness, and ignorance. [8] In the Septuagint, the Hebrew ha-Satan in Job and Zechariah is translated by the Greek word diabolos (slanderer), the same word in the Greek New Testament from which the English word " devil" is derived. [37] Where satan is used to refer to human enemies in the Hebrew Bible, such as Hadad the Edomite and Rezon the Syrian, the word is left untranslated but transliterated in the Greek as satan, a neologism in Greek. [37]
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Medieval Christians were known to adapt previously existing pagan iconography to suit depictions of Christian figures. [277] [273] Much of Satan's traditional iconography in Christianity appears to be derived from Pan, [277] [273] a rustic, goat-legged fertility god in ancient Greek religion. [277] [273] Early Christian writers such as Saint Jerome equated the Greek satyrs and the Roman fauns, whom Pan resembled, with demons. [277] [273] The Devil's pitchfork appears to have been adapted from the trident wielded by the Greek god Poseidon [273] and Satan's flame-like hair seems to have originated from the Egyptian god Bes. [273] By the High Middle Ages, Satan and devils appear in all works of Christian art: in paintings, sculptures, and on cathedrals. [279] Satan is usually depicted naked, [273] but his genitals are rarely shown and are often covered by animal furs. [273] The goat-like portrayal of Satan was especially closely associated with him in his role as the object of worship by sorcerers [280] and as the incubus, a demon believed to rape human women in their sleep. [280]a b Strube, Julian (2016). "The 'Baphomet' of Èliphas Lévi: Its Meaning and Historical Context" (PDF). Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism. 4: 37–79. ISSN 2053-7158. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 31 March 2020. The Hebrew term śāṭān ( Hebrew: שָׂטָן) is a generic noun meaning "accuser" or "adversary", [7] [8] and is derived from a verb meaning primarily "to obstruct, oppose". [9] In the earlier biblical books, e.g. 1 Samuel 29:4, it refers to human adversaries, but in the later books, especially Job 1–2 and Zechariah 3, to a supernatural entity. [8] When used without the definite article (simply satan), it can refer to any accuser, [10] but when it is used with the definite article ( ha-satan), it usually refers specifically to the heavenly accuser, literally, the satan. [10] Although Satan is generally viewed as evil, some groups have very different beliefs. In theistic Satanism, Satan is considered a deity who is either worshipped or revered. In LaVeyan Satanism, Satan is a symbol of virtuous characteristics and liberty. Satan's appearance is never described in the Bible, but, since the ninth century, he has often been shown in Christian art with horns, cloven hooves, unusually hairy legs, and a tail, often naked and holding a pitchfork. These are an amalgam of traits derived from various pagan deities, including Pan, Poseidon, and Bes. Satan appears frequently in Christian literature, most notably in Dante Alighieri's Inferno, all variants of the classic Faust story, John Milton's Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, and the poems of William Blake. He continues to appear in film, television, and music. Dissection Guitarist: Jon Nödtveidt Didn't Have Copy of 'The Satanic Bible' at Suicide Scene". Blabbermouth. 23 August 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011.
Satan and their meaning Satanic Symbols - The symbols of Satan and their meaning
The film version of Ira Levin's Rosemary's Baby established made Satanic themes a staple of mainstream horror fiction. [292] Later films such as The Exorcist (1973), The Omen (1976), Angel Heart (1987) and The Devil's Advocate (1997) feature Satan as an antagonist. [293] In music Tartini's Dream (1824) by Louis-Léopold Boilly Since the 19th century, various small religious groups have emerged that identify as Satanists or use Satanic iconography. The Satanist groups that appeared after the 1960s are widely diverse, but two major trends are theistic Satanism and atheistic Satanism. [93] Theistic Satanists venerate Satan as worthy of worship, viewing him not as omnipotent but rather as a patriarch. In contrast, atheistic Satanists regard Satan as a symbol of certain human traits. [94]
A symbol originating from The Eternal Champion, later adopted by occultists and role-playing games. Dissection. Interview with Jon Nödtveidt. June 2003". Metal Centre. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011. Illustration of the Devil on folio 290 recto of the Latin, Bohemian Codex Gigas, dating to the early thirteenth century In many cases, the translators of the Septuagint, the pre-Christian translation of the Hebrew Bible into ancient Greek, chose to render the Hebrew word sâtan as the Greek word διάβολος ( diábolos), meaning "opponent" or "accuser". [3] [2] This is the root of the modern English word Devil. [2] [4] Both the words satanas and diábolos are used interchangeably in the New Testament and in later Christian writings. [2] The Pauline epistles and the Gospel of Mark both use the word satancas more frequently than diábolos, [2] [5] but the Gospel of Matthew uses the word diábolos more frequently and so do the Church Fathers Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Origen. [2]
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