The Evolution of Home: English Interiors for a New Era

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Serre, David; Langaney, André; Chech, Mario; etal. (March 2004). "No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans". PLOS Biology. 2 (3): e57. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020057. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 368159. PMID 15024415. A new proposed species Australopithecus deyiremeda is claimed to have been discovered living at the same time period of Au. afarensis. There is debate if Au. deyiremeda is a new species or is Au. afarensis. [30] Australopithecus prometheus, otherwise known as Little Foot has recently been dated at 3.67million years old through a new dating technique, making the genus Australopithecus as old as afarensis. [31] Given the opposable big toe found on Little Foot, it seems that the specimen was a good climber. It is thought given the night predators of the region that he built a nesting platform at night in the trees in a similar fashion to chimpanzees and gorillas. On the basis of the early date of Badoshan Iranian Aurignacian, Oppenheimer suggests that this second dispersal may have occurred with a pluvial period about 50,000 years before the present, with modern human big-game hunting cultures spreading up the Zagros Mountains, carrying modern human genomes from Oman, throughout the Persian Gulf, northward into Armenia and Anatolia, with a variant travelling south into Israel and to Cyrenicia. [195] Whitehouse, David (June 9, 2003). "When humans faced extinction". BBC News. London: BBC. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010 . Retrieved January 5, 2007. Simonti, C.N.; Vernot, B.; Bastarache, L.; Bottinger, E.; Carrell, D.S.; Chisholm, R.L.; Crosslin, D.R.; Hebbring, S.J.; Jarvik, G. P.; Kullo, I.J.; Li, R.; Pathak, J.; Ritchie, M.D.; Roden, D.M.; Verma, S.S.; Tromp, G.; Prato, J.D.; Bush, W.S.; Akey, J.M.; Denny, J.C.; Capra, J.A. (2016). "The phenotypic legacy of admixture between modern humans and Neandertals". Science. 351 (6274): 737–741. Bibcode: 2016Sci...351..737S. doi: 10.1126/science.aad2149. PMC 4849557. PMID 26912863.

Bokma, Folmer; van den Brink, Valentijn; Stadler, Tanja (September 2012). "Unexpectedly many extinct hominins". Evolution. 66 (9): 2969–2974. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01660.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 22946817. S2CID 13145359. Homo neanderthalensis, alternatively designated as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, [77] lived in Europe and Asia from 400,000 [78] to about 28,000 years ago. [79] H. ergaster is often considered the next evolutionary ancestor to H. sapiens following H. erectus, however, there is considerable uncertainty as to the accuracy of classifying it as a separate species from H. erectus at all. [135]Turner, William (April 1895). "On M. Dubois' Description of Remains recently found in Java, named by him Pithecanthropus erectus. With Remarks on so-called Transitional Forms between Apes and Man". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 29 (Pt 3): 424–445. PMC 1328414. PMID 17232143. a b Sayers, Ken; Raghanti, Mary Ann; Lovejoy, C. Owen (October 2012). "Human Evolution and the Chimpanzee Referential Doctrine". Annual Review of Anthropology. 41: 119–138. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145815. ISSN 0084-6570. Anthropologists in the 1980s were divided regarding some details of reproductive barriers and migratory dispersals of the genus Homo. Subsequently, genetics has been used to investigate and resolve these issues. According to the Sahara pump theory evidence suggests that the genus Homo have migrated out of Africa at least three and possibly four times (e.g. Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis and two or three times for Homo sapiens). Recent evidence suggests these dispersals are closely related to fluctuating periods of climate change. [241]

Around 50,000 BP, human culture started to evolve more rapidly. The transition to behavioral modernity has been characterized by some as a " Great Leap Forward", [193] or as the "Upper Palaeolithic Revolution", [194] due to the sudden appearance in the archaeological record of distinctive signs of modern behavior and big game hunting. [195] Evidence of behavioral modernity significantly earlier also exists from Africa, with older evidence of abstract imagery, widened subsistence strategies, more sophisticated tools and weapons, and other "modern" behaviors, and many scholars have recently argued that the transition to modernity occurred sooner than previously believed. [47] [196] [197] [198]Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell, Eudald; etal. (May 30, 1997). "A Hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: Possible Ancestor to Neandertals and Modern Humans". Science. 276 (5317): 1392–1395. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5317.1392. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9162001. Harvati, Katerina (January 2003). "The Neanderthal taxonomic position: models of intra- and inter-specific craniofacial variation". Journal of Human Evolution. 44 (1): 107–132. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2484(02)00208-7. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 12604307. a b Mondal M, Bertranpetit J, Lao O (January 2019). "Approximate Bayesian computation with deep learning supports a third archaic introgression in Asia and Oceania". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 246. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10..246M. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08089-7. PMC 6335398. PMID 30651539. Viegas, Jennifer (May 21, 2010). "Toothy Tree-Swinger May Be Earliest Human". Discovery News. Silver Spring, MD: Discovery Communications, LLC. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015 . Retrieved April 28, 2015.