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Lingva Franka (Russian Edition)

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Amharic is the lingua franca and most widely spoken language in Ethiopia and is known by most people who speak another Ethiopian language. [103] [104] Creole languages [ edit ] Hindustani, or Hindi– Urdu, is commonly spoken in the northern part of India and Pakistan. It encompasses two standardized registers, Hindi and Urdu, as well as several nonstandard dialects. Hindi and Urdu are constitutionally-recognized official languages in India, and Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. While the two registers differ in formal vocabulary (Hindi drawing from Sanskrit and Urdu drawing from Arabic and Persian) and writing system (Hindi in Devanagari and Urdu in Nastaliq), the spoken language is largely indistinguishable and uses many loan words from English instead of Arabic or Sanskrit. This so-called "bazaar Hindustani" has been popularized through regional consumption of Bollywood films and is widely understood in regions where Hindi and Urdu are not indigenous, such as some parts of Northeast India. [16]

List of lingua francas - Wikipedia

Mende is a regional lingua franca of southeastern Sierra Leone, although almost the entire population speaks the Krio language. [ citation needed] Ngambay [ edit ] After European colonists introduced devastating infectious diseases, all native languages of Virginia began to decline. All dialects of Tutelo, including Occaneechi, became extinct by the end of the 20th century. However, there is considerable documentation of the language by numerous linguists, and interest among modern Tutelo people in reviving the language. [50] Pre-Columbian South America [ edit ] Before the European Challenge: The Great Civilizations of Asia and the Middle East p.180 ISBN 0791401685 During the Renaissance, standard Italian was spoken as a language of culture in the main royal courts of Europe, and among intellectuals. This lasted from the 14th century to the end of the 16th, when French replaced Italian as the usual lingua franca in northern Europe. [ citation needed] On the other hand, Italian musical terms, in particular dynamic and tempo notations, have continued in use to the present day, especially for classical music, in music revues and program notes as well as in printed scores. Italian is considered the language of Opera. [44]A lingua franca (originally Italian for "Frankish language" - see etymology below) is a language that is used between persons who do not have the same mother tongue. [1] Sogdian was used to facilitate trade between those who spoke different languages along the Silk Road, which is why native speakers of Sogdian were employed as translators in Tang China. [53] The Sogdians also ended up circulating spiritual beliefs and texts, including those of Buddhism and Christianity, thanks to their ability to communicate to many people in the region through their native language. [54] Bantu Botatwe is the lingua franca of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia. Nyanja is also a main language. [ citation needed] Ewondo [ edit ] Lingua francas have developed around the world throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called "trade languages" facilitated trade), but also for cultural, religious, diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities. [3] [4] The term is taken from the medieval Mediterranean Lingua Franca, a Romance-based pidgin language used especially by traders in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries. [5] A world language—a language spoken internationally and by many people—is a language that may function as a global lingua franca. [ citation needed] Characteristics [ edit ] On the eve of World War II, there were 11 to 13 million Yiddish speakers, for many of whom Yiddish was not the primary language. The Holocaust, however, led to a dramatic, sudden decline in the use of Yiddish, as the extensive Jewish communities, both secular and religious, that used Yiddish in their day-to-day life were largely destroyed. Although millions of Yiddish speakers survived the war, further assimilation in countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union, along with the strictly Hebrew monolingual stance of the Zionist movement, led to a decline in the use of Yiddish. However, the number of speakers within the widely dispersed Orthodox (mainly Hasidic) communities is now increasing. It is a home language in most Hasidic communities, where it is the first language learned in childhood, used in schools, and in many social settings. [ citation needed]

LINGUA FRANCA in English - Cambridge Dictionary How to pronounce LINGUA FRANCA in English - Cambridge Dictionary

Arabic script was adopted by many other languages such as Urdu, Persian, Swahili (changed to Latin in the late 19th century), Turkish (switched to Latin script in 1928), and Somali (changed to Latin in 1972). Arabic became the lingua franca of these regions not simply because of commerce or diplomacy, but also on religious grounds since Arabic is the language of the Qur'an, Islam's holy book, sacred to Muslims. Arabic remains the lingua franca for 23 countries (24 with Palestine), in the Middle East, North Africa, Horn of Africa, in addition to Chad and Eritrea. Despite a few language script conversions from Arabic to Latin as just described, Arabic is the second most widely used alphabetic system in the world after Latin. [7] Arabic script is/has been used in languages including Afrikaans, Azeri, Bosnian, Bengali, Hausa, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Malay, Morisco, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Somali, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Urdu, Uyghur, and Uzbek. [8]Classical Māori was the lingua franca (formed out of many dialects, albeit all mutually intelligible) [44] [45] of both Te Ika-ā-Māui and Te Waipounamu for the 800 years before the European settlement of New Zealand, where it was used for trade, inter-iwi dialogue on marae, and education through wānanga. [45] [46] The period between the 16th and 19th centuries is known as "Te Puawaitanga", or the flowering period, during which time Classical Māori thrived. [47] After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, Classical Māori remained the lingua franca of the nascent Colony of New Zealand until English superseded it in the 1870s. [48] The language was initially vital for all European and Chinese migrants in New Zealand to learn, [49] as Māori formed a majority of the population, owned nearly all the country's land and dominated the economy until the 1860s. [50] [51] After the success of the Europeans during the New Zealand Wars and increasing land confiscation drove power into the hands of Pākehā, discriminatory laws such as the Native Schools Act 1867 contributed to the demise of Classical Māori as a lingua franca. [52]

Language - Pidgins, Creoles, Dialects | Britannica

German served as a lingua franca in portions of Europe for centuries, mainly the Holy Roman Empire outside of the sphere of influence of the Hanseatic League, which used Low German, and to a lesser extent in Eastern Europe where the Polish Empire and the Russian Empire dominated, and South-Eastern Europe where the Ottoman Empire was the dominant cultural influence over the centuries. In fact, the Romantic movement with Goethe and Schiller at its top, at the end of the 18th century, served as a rediscovery of the German language for the German people that used, at this point, largely French as a lingua franca like almost all European regions, but German can be indeed still considered as a lingua franca though with far less importance than French until the 20th century or English today. [ citation needed] Nye, Mary Jo (2016). "Speaking in Tongues: Science's centuries-long hunt for a common language". Distillations. 2 (1): 40–43. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 20 March 2018.Jones estimates that in pioneer times there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon. [ citation needed] Hand Talk [ edit ]

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