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Arezes J, et al. (2015). Hepcidin-induced hypoferremia is a critical host defense mechanism against the siderophilic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia—Including Iron Supplementation for Children and Pregnant Women: Recommendation Statementexternal . Publication No. AHRQ 06-058., 2006. By contrast, if you get too much iron in your diet you could experience symptoms such as chronic fatigue, joint pain, and abdominal pain. Excessive iron intake can lead to serious health complications such as liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain heart conditions. People at risk for iron overload include those with a condition known as hereditary hemochromatosis, which causes excessive absorption of dietary iron. Thurnham DI, McCabe LD, Haldar S, Wieringa FT, Northrop-Clewes CA, McCabe GP. Adjusting plasma ferritin concentrations to remove the effects of subclinical inflammation in the assessment of iron deficiency: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:546-55. [ PubMed abstract] Aim to include a source of protein with each meal, which can help you meet your daily iron needs,” Zumpano suggests. Foods rich in non-heme iron

The NIH recommends that pregnant women who eat meat should get 27 mg of iron a day and lactating women require about 9 mg a day. Vegetarian and vegan women who are pregnant need much more—about 49 mg of nonheme (plant-based) iron per day. Lactating women who are vegetarian should aim for 16 mg. Aspuru K, Villa C, Bermejo F, Herrero P, López SG. Optimal management of iron deficiency anemia due to poor dietary intake. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:741-750. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S17788 Lots of seeds and nuts are great sources of iron, including pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds and flaxseeds. 26

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Bermejo F, Garcia-Lopez S. A guide to diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in digestive diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:4638-43. [ PubMed abstract] You can talk with a doctor and registered dietitian to see how you can eat a healthy, balanced diet if you have hemochromatosis. Fruits and vegetables Gasche C, Berstad A, Befrits R, Beglinger C, Dignass A, Erichsen K, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:1545-53. [ PubMed abstract] Red meat, including beef, is a good source of the type of iron that your body can use very easily. So, you may want to watch out for eating too much if you have hemochromatosis. Red meat can be a healthy part of a well-rounded diet if eaten in moderation. Organ meat and game meats Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals

Fullreport (all nutrients): 45310809,Total Raisin Bran Cereal, Unprepared, GTIN: 00016000116597. (2018). Hashash JG, Proksell S, Kuan SF, Behari J. Iron pill-induced gastritis. ACG Case Rep J. 2013;1:13-5. [ PubMed abstract]Mild deficiency or storage iron depletion: Serum ferritin concentrations and levels of iron in bone marrow decrease. While these are general guidelines, Zumpano advises getting a personalized recommendation from a doctor, and a formal diagnosis if you suspect you’re low on iron. Iron is available in many dietary supplements. Multivitamin/mineral supplements with iron, especially those designed for women, typically provide 18 mg iron (100% of the DV). Multivitamin/mineral supplements for men or seniors frequently contain less or no iron. Iron-only supplements usually deliver more than the DV, with many providing 65 mg iron (360% of the DV).

Menstruating– losing blood through a monthly period can cause low iron levels, especially if they’re heavy. 15 Werner ER, et al. (2022). The effects of 1 egg per day on iron and anemia status among young Malawian children: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Only a few small studies have evaluated the benefits of oral iron supplementation alone or in combination with ESAs to treat anemia of chronic disease. For example, a prospective observational study in 132 patients with anemia and chronic kidney disease who were not on dialysis or ESAs found that oral supplements (130 mg/day elemental iron from ferrous sulfate twice daily) for 1 year resulted in a decline in hemoglobin of only 0.13 g/dL compared with 0.46 g/dL in the placebo group [ 76, 84]. A randomized trial of oral iron supplements (equivalent to 200 mg/day elemental iron, form of iron not specified) taken with an ESA once weekly in 100 patients with cancer-related anemia resulted in a mean increase of 2.4 g/dL hemoglobin after 24 weeks compared with oral supplements only [ 85]. Iron administered parentally increases hemoglobin levels to a greater extent and is associated with fewer side effects than oral iron supplementation in patients with anemia of chronic disease [ 86]. Health Risks from Excessive IronTable 1 lists the current iron RDAs for nonvegetarians. The RDAs for vegetarians are 1.8 times higher than for people who eat meat. This is because heme iron from meat is more bioavailable than nonheme iron from plant-based foods, and meat, poultry, and seafood increase the absorption of nonheme iron [ 5].

Egg yolks have a type of protein called phosvitin. Research suggests phosvitin from eggs can limit iron absorption. Tea and coffeeHemoglobin and hematocrit tests are the most commonly used measures to screen patients for iron deficiency, even though they are neither sensitive nor specific [ 5, 7, 17]. Often, hemoglobin concentrations are combined with serum ferritin measurements to identify IDA [ 7]. Hemoglobin concentrations lower than 11 g/dL in children under 10 years of age, or lower than 12 g/dL in individuals age 10 years or older, suggest IDA [ 8]. Normal hematocrit values are approximately 41% to 50% in males and 36% to 44% in females [ 18]. Recommended Intakes World Health Organization. Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993–2005: WHO Global Database on Anaemia . World Health Organization, 2008.