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Zandalinas, S.I.; Mittler, R.; Balfagón, D.; Arbona, V.; Gómez-Cadenas, A. Plant adaptations to the combination of drought and high temperatures. Physiol. Plant 2018, 162, 2–12. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] A cotyledon ( / ˌ k ɒ t ɪ ˈ l iː d ən/; lit. 'seed leaf'; from Latin cotyledon; [1] from κοτυληδών ( kotulēdṓn), gen. κοτυληδόνος ( kotulēdónos), from κοτύλη ( kotýlē)'cup, bowl') is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, and is defined as "the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first to appear from a germinating seed." [2] The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants (angiosperms). Species with one cotyledon are called monocotyledonous ("monocots"). Plants with two embryonic leaves are termed dicotyledonous ("dicots"). All data on seed numbers, as well as volatile compound and isoflavone levels, was Box-Cox transformed using JMP before statistical analyses. The amounts of α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene and γ-terpinene showed normal distributions, and the fitting of the normal distribution was reduced when they were Box-Cox transformed. Thus, the amounts of these compounds were not Box-Cox transformed. All of the data on seed numbers and volatile compound levels were positively adjust by 0.5 before being Box-Cox transformed to avoid having values of 0. Liquid chromatography–photodiode array (PDA)/MS/MS analysis of isoflavones in soybean seeds a b Vines, Sydney Howard (1913), "Robert Morison 1620—1683 and John Ray 1627—1705", in Oliver, Francis Wall (ed.), Makers of British botany, Cambridge University Press, pp.8–43
Masoumi, H.; Masoumi, M.; Darvish, F.; Daneshian, J.; Nourmohammadi, G.; Habibi, D. Change in several antioxidant enzymes activity and seed yield by water deficit stress in soybean ( Glycine max L.) cultivars. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca 2010, 38, 86–94. [ Google Scholar] The cotyledon of grasses and many other monocotyledons is a highly modified leaf composed of a scutellum and a coleoptile. The scutellum is a tissue within the seed that is specialized to absorb stored food from the adjacent endosperm. The coleoptile is a protective cap that covers the plumule (precursor to the stem and leaves of the plant).Baraloto, C.; Forget, P.-M. (2007), "Seed size, seedling morphology, and response to deep shade and damage in neotropical rain forest trees", American Journal of Botany, 94 (6): 901–11, doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.6.901, PMID 21636459, S2CID 24272337 a b Greene, Edward Lee (1983). Egerton, Frank N. (ed.). Landmarks of botanical history: Part 2. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p.1019, note 15. ISBN 978-0-8047-1075-6.
In the case of dicot seedlings whose cotyledons are photosynthetic, the cotyledons are functionally similar to leaves. However, true leaves and cotyledons are developmentally distinct. Cotyledons are formed during embryogenesis, along with the root and shoot meristems, and are therefore present in the seed prior to germination. True leaves, however, are formed post-embryonically (i.e. after germination) from the shoot apical meristem, which is responsible for generating subsequent aerial portions of the plant. Lobato, A.; Neto, M.; Meirelles, A.; Silva, L.; Marochio, C.; Monteiro, E.; Zeni Neto, H.; Maleia, M.; Moiana, L.; Bronzato, A. Relationship between leaf relative water content and total soluble proteins in soybean exposed to short water deficit. Res. J. Biol. Sci. 2009, 4, 1061–1067. [ Google Scholar] Hu, W.; Loka, D.A.; Fitzsimons, T.R.; Zhou, Z.; Oosterhuis, D.M. Potassium deficiency limits reproductive success by altering carbohydrate and protein balances in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Env. Exp. Bot. 2018, 145, 87–94. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] My gardening passions are for wildlife, herbaceous perennials and an organic approach to every aspect of plant care. Alongside gaining practical experience I have also studied and passed multiple RHS and other gardening qualifications.
The total carbohydrate content was determined by using the phenol sulphuric acid method [ 31]. In this test, glucose was taken as a standard. Different concentrations of glucose (16.125 μg/mL, 32.250 μg/mL, 62.500 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, and 250 μg/mL) were prepared in distilled water by serial dilution technique. For each sample, the extract solution of 1 mg/mL concentration was prepared by using distilled water. Then, 2 mL of the aliquot sample was treated with 1 mL of 5% phenol solution. After that, 5 mL of conc. H 2SO 4 was added to the mixture shaking properly. After well shaking of mixture solution up to 10 minutes, it was kept in a water bath (30°C) for 20 minutes. In the same manner, a blank solution was prepared without a sample. Finally, the absorbance of incubated standards solutions and sample solutions were recorded at 490 nm. All the measurements were evaluated in triplicate [ 24]. 2.10. Antioxidant Activity Determination by DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Method
Yoneya, K., Kugimiya, S. & Takabayashi, J. Leaf beetle larvae, Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), show decreased performance on uninfested willow plants. Salix eriocarpa (Salicales: Salicaceae), that have been exposed to airborne factors from willow plants infested by conspecific larva. App. Entomol. Zool. 49, 249–253 (2014). Van den Ende, W.; Valluru, R. Sucrose, sucrosyl oligosaccharides, and oxidative stress: Scavenging and salvaging? J. Exp. Bot. 2008, 60, 9–18. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] All the experiments were analyzed three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD. The statistical significance of differences was calculated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Extractive Yield Value use the cards as a talking point at circle time or around the campfire. Invite your children to take a look at the cards and talk about how trees have leaves and seeds. Do they know what seeds are? Do they recognise any of the leaf shapes or the seeds? Do they know the names of any types of tree?Because daidzein, glycitein, and genistein are characteristic isoflavonoids of bean plants, we focused on these three isoflavones. Daidzein and glycitein restrict the growth of microbial pathogens 20, 21. Malonyl isoflavones are considered as storage forms in vacuoles, serving as a pool of precursors or inactive forms of phytoalexins 22. We found that isoflavones, their glycosides and malonyl glycosides increased significantly in the seeds of exposed soybean plants. These compounds accumulated in soybean seeds through the phenylpropanoid pathway 17, 23. This was the first study of parental care in plant–plant communications where the maternal communication affected the accumulation of secondary compounds in the next generation (seeds). Detailed gene expression studies of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and work examining other secondary compounds produced by the phenylpropanoid pathway in seeds are beyond the scope of this study. When plants were 20–30 cm high, nine mesh bags (35 × 45 cm) containing cut goldenrod (~20-cm pieces, 500 g) were placed in each treated plot, and replaced twice during a 2–3-week period ( Figure S1, Table S1). After exposure, plants were grown without insecticides or weeding. Near September ( Table S1), the leaves on the 15 soybean plants in each of the plots (two treated and two control) were sampled to evaluate defoliation using the following levels: Level l (0–10%), Level 2 (10–25%) and Level 3 (>25%). In 2015, we observed whitened leaves damaged by CCWs, which was distinguishable from the damage caused by other herbivores by the naked eye. Traditional studies of plants use two parts, subterranean and surterranean. While almost all subterranean parts of the plant consist of root, surterranean parts of the plant have the bark, leaves, flowers, and seeds. All of these are derived from shoot apical meristem, but they are highly differentiated and consist of different secondary metabolites in different compositions. 7 In addition, medical uses of such plants are also specific to different parts of the plant, or in some cases, highly specific to certain regions of some parts. Therefore, it is important to clarify the part of the plant to be used for the source of therapeutic agents. Autumn is the best season in the forest school year, right? Try these forest school activities with your children: Arimura, G. et al. Herbivory-induced volatiles elicit defence genes in lima bean leaves. Nature 406, 512–515 (2000).
Ethanol extracts from A. absinthium leaf and seed were evaluated for apoptotic potential using flow cytometric analysis and caspase-3 activity on A-549 cells. According to our findings, extracts induced apoptosis, and total cell death increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In other words, treatment of cells with more toxic concentration of extracts caused apoptosis and killed cells undergoing apoptosis faster through necrosis. Investigation of Bad and Bcl-2 protein expression levels in a future study will elucidate the mechanism of apoptosis in all cells lines examined here because the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins is vital for cell survival. In a previous study, a methanolic extract of A. absinthium inhibited cell proliferation through apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2 family proteins and the MEK/ERK pathway in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. 18 P.major has been used as a remedy against stomachache, toothache, and inflammation in the Kars region. 15 In addition, traditional use of P. major in the treatment of tumors was reviewed by Samuelsen 28 and Haddadian et al. 29; however, not much information is available for scientific validation and anticancer activities. In this present study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of extracts obtained from leaf and seed of P. major. Seed extracts exhibited 78% and 28% cytotoxicity on A-549 and DU-145 cells, respectively. Even though the leaf extract did not cause cytotoxicity on A-549 cells, it gave rise to 38% cytotoxicity against DU-145 cells. Ruan, Y.L.; Jin, Y.; Yang, Y.J.; Li, G.J.; Boyer, J.S. Sugar input, metabolism, and signaling mediated by invertase: Roles in development, yield potential, and response to drought and heat. Mol. Plant 2010, 3, 942–955. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] A triple cold maceration process was employed for all plant parts to achieve the optimal extraction. After single maceration with occasional manual shaking (every 6 hours for 3 days), the menstruum was collected and marc was further extracted with the same amount of fresh solvents. The whole procedure was repeated up to three times. Specifically, 100 g each of seed and leaf of P. utilis were extracted with 1000 mL of water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The liquids from each step of maceration were strained, filtered, mixed, and dried at 40°C to obtain a gummy concentrate with the help of a rotatory evaporator. All the extracts were preserved in the refrigerator at 4 ± 1°C. 2.5. Extractive Yield Value Cancer is the most common and lethal disease in the modern era. 1 New strategies or compounds need to be discovered because most known cancer treatments have adverse effects and all tumors do not react in the same way to treatment. Plant-based medicines have good potential as a primary source for chemotherapeutic drugs. Some of the currently-used chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel for breast cancer, vinca alkaloids for leukemia, and flavopiridol for colorectal cancer were initially derived from plants. 2, 3, 4, 5 In addition, herbal products are still used as primary health care products in most third world countries. 6 Accordingly, plants as herbal medicines are good sources to search for antitumor compounds. The total flavonoid content was determined by using the method described in the literature [ 31]. Quercetin was used as a standard. Different concentrations of quercetin (31.25 μg/mL, 62.50 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL) were prepared by the serial dilution technique. For each sample, extract solution of 1 mg/mL concentration was prepared by using ethanol. Then, 1 mL (1 mg/mL concentration) of ethanolic extract solution was well mixed with 4 mL of distilled water and 0.3 mL of 5% NaNO 2. After continuously shaking for 5 minutes, 0.3 mL of 10% AlCl 3 was added and subjected to incubation for 5 minutes. Then, 2 mL of 1 M NaOH was added to the solution. In the same manner, a blank solution was prepared without a sample. The final mixture solution was then incubated at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes. Finally, the absorbance of incubated standard solutions and sample solutions was recorded at 415 nm. All the measurements were evaluated in triplicate. 2.9. Determination of Total Carbohydrate Content
De Schepper, V.; De Swaef, T.; Bauweraerts, I.; Steppe, K. Phloem transport: A review of mechanisms and controls. J. Exp. Bot. 2013, 64, 4839–4850. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]
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