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ORTOGRAF-3

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Hyphenation is used for clarity too. For example, in the sentence: ‘ the pub has an old-world charm’, the hyphen tells the reader that the pub’s appeal lies in its ‘old world’ charm. Some letters have no linguistic function. The letter ‘e’ is soundless at the end of most English words. (For example, ‘give’, ‘have’, ‘grave’). This is especially common with words ending in ‘ve’ where the final sound is the ‘v’ not the ‘e’. It also happens with the word ‘name’. Explore this section further to learn more about English punctuation and genre, form and register in English writing.

This is one of the most troublesome areas of English orthography and English phonology, where sounds and spellings do not correspond. These kinds of words are called homographs in English orthography because they have different meanings but the same spelling. Hyphenation in English orthography Prefixes are hyphenated in English writing when it would be confusing to leave the hyphen out. For example: ‘He re-covered the chair’ means he put a new covering on the chair.

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Discover how the English writing system was shaped by England’s history in our History of English section. Another example of unresolved homophones in English orthography is the word ‘bay’, which has many meanings (i.e. a recess, a parking space, a kind of herb, a wide inlet of sea, a noise from an animal, a kind of tree and a colour). Thus, the single letter ‘d’ in the word ‘dog’ represents a single sound, whereas in the word ‘shout’), we use the digraph (two letters) ‘sh’.

Rarely, a single letter is used to represent multiple sounds. A useful example of this is the letter ‘x’, which normally represents the two letters ‘ks’ when sounded together, for example in the word ‘expect’. The the words ‘bough’, ‘trough’, through’, thorough’, ‘enough’ all contain the letters ‘ough’ yet have a different pronunciation. This can seem very confusing and illogical to EFL learners.Be careful not to hyphenate all adjectives in a list. For example, take the sentence: ‘the small, frightened, ginger cat ran up the long, dark, concrete path’. In this sentence, each adjective here stands alone and is not compounded with any other adjective. Can you think of more important words that are spelled completely differently in English to how they are pronounced? Have any of these words caught you out? However, when used in the words ‘Ghana’, ‘ghetto’ or ‘ghost’, the diagraph ‘gh’ rhymes with the ‘g’ in ‘garden’, (a hard ‘g’) because it is used at the start of the word. If we had written ‘He recovered the chair’ without the hyphen, this would mean that he found the chair again (after having presumably lost it). The Old-English professor’– without the hyphen it could mean the ‘English professor’ is old (we could also mean the old professor is from England), when we really want to talk about a professor who is a specialist in ‘ Old English‘.

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