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Bernini, Domenico (2011) [1713]. The Life of Giano Lorenzo Bernini. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271037486. Origins [ edit ] Gold ring from Isopata tomb, near Knossos, Crete, 1400–1500 BC. Depicted are female figures dancing among blossoming vegetation; Heraklion Archaeological Museum As part of a set of oil studies intended to be used for painting the ceiling frescoes in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, the Mythological Scene with the Rape of Proserpine was created with the intention of being presented to Marquess Francesco Riccardi for approval before being painted in the palace. Currently, ten of the twelve oil studies created between 1682 and 1685 reside in the National Gallery. [6] Other Paintings [ edit ] Various local traditions place Persephone's abduction in different locations. The Sicilians, among whom her worship was probably introduced by the Corinthian and Megarian colonists, believed that Hades found her in the meadows near Enna, and that a well arose on the spot where he descended with her into the lower world. The Cretans thought that their own island had been the scene of the abduction, and the Eleusinians mentioned the Nysian plain in Boeotia, and said that Persephone had descended with Hades into the lower world at the entrance of the western Oceanus. Later accounts place the abduction in Attica, near Athens, or near Eleusis. [42] The Homeric hymn mentions the Nysion (or Mysion) which was probably a mythical place. The location of this mythical place may simply be a convention to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past. [37] The Return of Persephone, by Frederic Leighton (1891)

Lincoln argues that the myth is a description of the loss of Persephone's virginity, where her epithet koure signifies "a girl of initiatory age", and where Hades is the male oppressor forcing himself onto a young girl for the first time. [58] Variations [ edit ] Head of Persephone. Earthenware. From Sicily, Centuripae, c. 420BC. The Burrell Collection, Glasgow, UK Even centuries after its creation, the Persephone statue continues to mesmerize and inspire. Its timeless allure bridges the gap between ancient mythology and contemporary art, ensuring that future generations will be captivated by its beauty and immersed in its captivating story. The Romans first heard of her from the Aeolian and Dorian cities of Magna Graecia, who used the dialectal variant Proserpinē ( Προσερπίνη). Hence, in Roman mythology she was called Proserpina, a name erroneously derived by the Romans from proserpere, "to shoot forth" [121] and as such became an emblematic figure of the Renaissance. [122] In 205BC, Rome officially identified Proserpina with the local Italic goddess Libera, who, along with Liber, were closely associated with the Roman grain goddess Ceres (considered equivalent to the Greek Demeter). The Roman author Gaius Julius Hyginus also considered Proserpina equivalent to the Cretan goddess Ariadne, who was the bride of Liber's Greek equivalent, Dionysus. [123] [124] In Magna Graecia [ edit ] Pinax of Persephone and Hades from Locri. Reggio Calabria, National Museum of Magna Graecia. In his 1985 book on Greek Religion, Walter Burkert claimed that Persephone is an old chthonic deity of the agricultural communities, who received the souls of the dead into the earth, and acquired powers over the fertility of the soil, over which she reigned. The earliest depiction of a goddess Burkert claims may be identified with Persephone growing out of the ground, is on a plate from the Old-Palace period in Phaistos. According to Burkert, the figure looks like a vegetable because she has snake lines on other side of her. On either side of the vegetable person there is a dancing girl. [99] A similar representation, where the goddess appears to come down from the sky, is depicted on the Minoan ring of Isopata.

Whether it’s the mythical references or the artistic mastery, the Persephone statue is truly a testament to human creativity and imagination. Its presence in various museums and public spaces serves as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage we have inherited.

As a goddess of the underworld, Persephone was given euphemistically friendly names. [34] However, it is possible that some of them were the names of original goddesses: The Cult of Demeter and the Maiden is found at Attica, in the main festivals Thesmophoria and Eleusinian mysteries and in a number of local cults. These festivals were almost always celebrated at the autumn sowing, and at full-moon according to the Greek tradition. In some local cults the feasts were dedicated to Demeter.In the 5th century BC democracy was already established in Athens (in 508 BC by Cleisthenes) and the Greeks confronted the invasion of the Persians, the greatest military power of its day. The victories at the battles of Marathon and Plataea and also the naval battle of Salamis brought about an era of intellectual creativity, material prosperity and democratic consolidation under the leadership of Pericles. Athens became the centre in which sculptors, among other artists, arrived from other regions, thereby contributing to the embellishment of the buildings and monuments of the city with works of high quality and originality. Mythology [ edit ] Abduction myth [ edit ] Sarcophagus with the abduction of Persephone. Walters Art Museum. Baltimore, Maryland Richman-Abdou, Kelly (13 October 2019). "A Detailed Look at Bernini's Most Dramatically Lifelike Marble Sculpture". My Modern Met . Retrieved 31 July 2022. Bust: sculpture of the head and chest of a figure Portrait: head carved in the round that renders realistically the features of the depicted person The Persephone statue represents the daughter of Zeus and Demeter, who was abducted by Hades, the god of the underworld. This mythological tale reveals Persephone’s transformation from an innocent maiden to becoming Hades’ queen. The Statue Embodies Emotion and Realism

Avery, Charles (1997). Bernini: Genius of the Baroque. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500286333. The Persephone statue is a remarkable work of art that holds many intriguing secrets and stories. Its history, symbolism, and beauty make it a fascinating landmark for both art enthusiasts and history buffs. With its unique features and intricate details, the Persephone statue continues to captivate and inspire people from all over the world. Persephone’s story represents the changing seasons, as her return from the underworld signifies the rebirth of nature in spring. This symbolism adds depth to the Persephone statue, making it a powerful representation of the eternal cycles of life. The Persephone Statue Attracts Visitors from Around the Globe Coliva, Anna (2002). Bernini scultore: la tecnica esecutiva[ The Sculptor Bernini: The Executive Technique] (in Italian). Rome: De Luca. The abduction of Persephone is an etiological myth providing an explanation for the changing of the seasons. Since Persephone had consumed pomegranate seeds in the underworld, she was forced to spend four months, or in other versions six months for six seeds, with Hades. [52] [53] When Persephone would return to the underworld, Demeter's despair at losing her daughter would cause the vegetation and flora of the world to wither, signifying the Autumn and Winter seasons. When Persephone's time is over and she would be reunited with her mother, Demeter's joyousness would cause the vegetation of the earth to bloom and blossom which signifies the Spring and Summer seasons. This also explains why Persephone is associated with Spring: her re-emergence from the underworld signifies the onset of Spring. Therefore, not only does Persephone and Demeter's annual reunion symbolize the changing seasons and the beginning of a new cycle of growth for the crops, it also symbolizes death and the regeneration of life. [54] [55]The doll figure probably represents a keepsake taken into the afterlife, while the bracelets showing snakes are associated with death and rebirth. Created in 1636 and 1637, Peter Paul Rubens depicted the abduction of Persephone in a piece entitled The Rape of Proserpine. The piece was intended to decorate the lost Torre de la Parada, and as such was owned by the Spanish Royal family. [5]