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Mental Zoo: Animals in the Human Mind and its Pathology

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Foulds-Davis, Y.L. To Mix or Not to Mix? Evaluating Breeding Performance in Mixed Species Bird Enclosures within European Zoos. Master’s Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK, 2015. [ Google Scholar] de Waal FBM (1989) Food sharing and reciprocal oligations among chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 18: 433–459. Providing captive apes with more naturalistic enclosures, unpredictable feeding schedules and extractive foraging opportunities, as well as the opportunity to interact with conspecifics through housing in social groups, all appear to decrease the performance of abnormal behaviours [9], [13], [45], [50], [51]. Even the best zoo environments (which includes all zoos in this study) are limited, however, in what they can provide [13]. Some abnormal behaviours persist despite interventions to ‘naturalise’ the captive conditions and we suggest that captivity itself may be fundamental as a causal factor in the presence of persistent, low-level, abnormal behaviour (and potentially more extreme levels in some individuals). The cognitive and behavioural challenges in captivity are fewer than in the wild – stressful and dangerous place that it may be – and many normal behaviours and normal development are precluded. While extreme levels of abnormal behaviour may be explicable by individuals' particular histories, the pattern of low-level, pervasive abnormal behaviour shown by this study suggests that chimpanzee minds struggle to cope with conditions of captivity, despite the best efforts of those charged with their care. Hosey GR, Skyner LJ (2007) Self-injurious behavior in zoo primates. International Journal of Primatology 28: 1431–1437.

Alpha Trilogy is cross-flow membrane filtered whey. It is designed for optimum uptake and assimilation. Alpha Trilogy is a precise blend of 82% Whey Protein Concentrate, Whey Protein Isolate and Hydrolyzed Whey Protein. Alpha Trilogy is rich in all Protein Fractions including Beta-Lactoglobulin, Glycomacropeptides, Alpha-Lactalbumin, Immunoglobulin and Lactoferrin. Alpha Trilogy mixes easily, tastes great and is infused with digestive enzymes. Dawkins, M.S. Animal Welfare and Efficient Farming: Is Conflict Inevitable? Anim. Prod. Sci. 2017, 57, 201–208. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Finch, K.; Waterman, J.O.; Cowl, V.B.; Marshall, A.; Underwood, L.; Williams, L.J.; Davis, N.; Holmes, L. Island Life: Use of Activity Budgets and Visibility to Evaluate a Multi-Species Within-Zoo Exhibit Move. Animals 2022, 12, 2123. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Lukas D, Reynolds V, Boesch C, Vigilant L (2005) To what extent does living in a group mean living with kin? Molecular Ecology 14: 2181–2196. Kistler, C.; Hegglin, D.; Würbel, H.; König, B. Structural Enrichment and Enclosure Use in an Opportunistic Carnivore: The Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes). Anim. Welf. 2010, 19, 391–400. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]Bradshaw GA, Capaldo T, Lindner L, Grow G (2009) Developmental context effects on bicultural posttrauma self repair in chimpanzees. Developmental Psychology 45: 1376–1388. Kasumyan, A.O. Tactile Reception and Behavior of Fish. J. Ichthyol. 2011, 51, 1035–1103. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Payne CLR, Webster TH, Hunt KD (2008) Coprophagy by the semi-habituated chimpanzees of Semliki, Uganda. Pan Africa News 15: 29–32. Johnstone, S.E.; Baylin, S.B. Stress and the Epigenetic Landscape: A Link to the Pathobiology of Human Diseases? Nat. Rev. Genet. 2010, 11, 806–812. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]

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It was the only way of raising money,” says Caroline Smith, Education and Outreach Officer at Bethlem’s Museum of the Mind. Kaplan, G. Casting the Net Widely for Change in Animal Welfare: The Plight of Birds in Zoos, Ex Situ Conservation, and Conservation Fieldwork. Animals 2022, 12, 31. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Cenni, F.; Parisi, G.; Gherardi, F. Effects of Habitat Complexity on the Aggressive Behaviour of the American Lobster (Homarus Americanus) in Captivity. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2010, 122, 63–70. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

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Browning, H. The Natural Behavior Debate: Two Conceptions of Animal Welfare. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 2020, 23, 325–337. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Originally the priory collected alms, but morphed into a ‘hospital’ (more akin to the idea of a hostel or hospitality) for those in need of general refuge over the next century, eventually gathering a reputation for its focus on the ‘mad’.

Promoting connectivity with nature

Maulana, R. Architecture for Animals: The Expanding Challenges of Sustainable Development. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2018, 195, 012079. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Stephan, H.; Andy, O.J. Quantitative Comparisons of Brain Structures from Insectivores to Primates. Am. Zool. 1964, 4, 59–74. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Hurlbert, A.H. Species-Energy Relationships and Habitat Complexity in Bird Communities. Ecol. Lett. 2004, 7, 714–720. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Philadelphia Zoo Philadelphia Magazine. 2016. Available online: https://www.phillymag.com/sponsor-content/philadelphia-zoo-animal-trails/ (accessed on 12 February 2023).

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