Don Simon Pineapple and Coconut Juice, 1.583 kg

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Copper is one the essential heavy metals that cannot be formed in human body [ 44], but is required for physical and mental development [ 56]. It is usually ingested from food and fluids during consumption. Copper concentration exceeding 5.0 mg/kg body weight is toxic to humans, especially to the gastrointestinal system [ 44]. The major organs that excess copper can damage includes the liver and kidneys. Some of the observable symptoms associated with copper toxicity in humans include vomiting, hypertension, and gastrointestinal distress. However, the deficiency of copper could lead to hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and increased low density lipoproteins [ 4]. Heavy metals are classified as essential and non-essential heavy metals. Essential heavy metals and their roles have been recently documented by Izah et al. [ 14]. The essential heavy metals are beneficial to human health and other living things. However, essential heavy metals can be toxic to living things when the concentration exceeds the tolerable limit for the organisms. Non-essential heavy metals could be toxic to cells of the body even at low concentrations.

Stir the coconut milk to make sure it hasn’t separated into water and cream, then add to the ice along with the rum and pineapple juice. Whizz or shake until well blended, taste and add the sugar syrup and lime juice as required. Pour into a cold glass. Several diseases have been associated to heavy metals. In Nigeria, recent environmental studies have been documented in possible heavy metal diseases associated with the consumption of potable water with high heavy metal concentrations [ 14] and fishes from Nigeria surface water [ 17]. Typically, all heavy metal-related diseases are basically similar irrespective of the source of the heavy metals provided their exposure period is long enough to cause disease. Slight variations in diseases caused also exist within the oxides of the heavy metals and its forms i.e., organic and inorganic. As such, this section of the paper focuses on the diseases associated with heavy metal concentrations in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages sold and consumed in Nigeria. The launch follows the rollout of Disfruta sugar-free juice drinks into Morrisons early in October. Sweetened with sodium cyclamate and saccharin, they contain 50% fewer calories than traditional juice drinks.

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Manganese is needed by the body tissues at low concentration. Deficiency of manganese could lead to osteoporosis, epilepsy, and diabetes mellitus, and concentration above threshold values causes manganese toxicity in the body [ 4]. Neurological toxicity associated with excess manganese could lead to behavioral changes, which are characterized by slow movement, tremors, facial muscle spasms, irritability, aggressiveness, and hallucinations [ 1]. Minimum life based on 'use-by' date of product. Average life based on last week's deliveries. Life guarantee shown based on delivery tomorrow with the Life guarantee starting the following day. Deficiency of iron can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and difficulty in thinking. In beverages consumed in Nigeria high iron content has been reported. This could cause health-related problems, including liver damage [ 44]. Other iron-related disease conditions include lung disease and siderosis [ 14, 59]. Antimony and tin are heavy metals that are not often studied in beverages. Antimony has no biological functions [ 26]. Robert and Orisakwe [ 26] have reported antimony and tin concentration below WHO permissible limit in beverages. Similarly Eno-Obong and Ukoha [ 54] have reported the occurrence of tin in some canned beverages (Olympic and Three Crown milk) and canned soft drink (maltina, Fanta, lucozade boost, Chivita pineapple) and beverages (peak, milo and five alive juice drink) consumed in Nigeria ( Table 1). Similarly in a study by Adepoju-Bello et al. [ 41], silver was not detected in soft drinks consumed in Nigeria. Generally, antimony, tin and silver are scantly reported in food and potable water resources in Nigeria.

Soft drinks (bottle coke, fanta, pepsi, Miranda, can coke, can zero coke, fanata, spirite, plastic Fanta, coke, sprite, pepsi, Miranda, Don simon pineapple juice, Chi active 5, citrus fruit juice, fresh pineapple and coconut juice and fresh pinapple juice, bottled Maltina, Amstel, 7 up, can Amstel, Maltina, Plastic, 7 up, Chivita premium pineapple and coconut juice and fresh citrus juice) Alcoholic beverages are mainly wine, spirits, and beers. Some traditionally-processed beverages, such as palm wine, are not canned and have a low shelf life. This is because as the tapping period increases the sugar content reduces and alcohol concentration increases due to the activities of indigenous microbes, such as Saccharomyces cereivisae. Palm wine is typically consumed by several million people in West Africa, especially in Nigeria. Canned beverages (Picnic Soymilk, Remmy Rankky Orange, Sprite Soft Drink, Star Pino Pineapple, Star Mango, Godys Malta Drink, Chinchin malt milk drink, coca coloa, Glorietta Lemonade orange, Sagiko pink guava, original precious juice, Fanta orange, sobela mixed fruit drink, sweet heart mixed fruit, Gold quell multivitamin, luna milk, three crowns milk, peak milk, lino and top milk and Lino and Holsten malta drinks Mercury is another toxic heavy metal that causes toxicity even at low concentration. Mercury toxicity has the tendency to interfere with several cellular metabolisms in human and can affect children and adults, depending on the exposure and concentration. Some of the symptoms associated with mercury toxicity in humans include irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased blood pressure, skin rashes, and eye irritation [ 14, 33, 59]. Actue and chronic toxicity of chromium occurs depending on the level of exposure and the occurring form of the element. Typically, chronic forms of chromium are characterized by eczematous dermatitis and acute toxicity, which could lead to death [ 40]. Others organs significantly affected by chromium toxicity include kidney, skin, neurons, and liver [ 13, 36, 59]. Some of the symptoms associated with chromium toxicity include breathing difficulty, nose problems, such as irritation and ulcers, asthma, and cough [ 36, 59].

Beverages are consumed in Nigeria irrespective of age, sex, and socioeconomics. Beverages play an essential role in supporting life and have the ability to cause disease conditions when they are contaminated and/or have expired. Heavy metals have been reported in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages consumed in Nigeria. When their concentration exceeds the permissible limit for each of the heavy metal they become detrimental to human health. Beverages consumed in Nigeria are produced locally or imported. Some local beverages widely consumed in Nigeria include palm wine (produced from the Raphia palm and oil palm tree) [ 7, 8], zobo (a food-drink produced from the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa) [ 9], kunu (produced from cereal, such as sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor), millet ( Penisetum typhoides), maize ( Zea mays), rice ( Oryza sativa), wheat ( Triticum aestivum), and acha ( Digitalis exilis) [ 6, 10, 11, 12]. Typically, non-alcoholic beverages, such as zobo and kunu, are vended in public places, including markets, motor parks, streets, outside schools, hospitals, and even expressways [ 2, 5, 6]. Generally, beverages are sold in restaurants, bars, supermarkets, and shops, or served at social functions, such as festivals, funerals, naming, weddings and marriage ceremonies. Beverages are also consumed at home by families during relaxation. However, the choice of beverages depends on individuals and locality. Some non-alcoholic beverages are often referred to as soft drinks [ 30]. Soft drinks are water-based flavored drinks than can be sweetened, acidulated, or carbonated [ 30] and frequently colored [ 41]. They are mainly consumed by all sexes, ages, socioeconomic classes, and religions probably due to their affordability, taste, and thirst quenching potentials [ 30, 41, 42]. As such, they are one of the most consumed beverages in Nigeria [ 39]. Due to increased demand of soft drinks, the quality may be compromised [ 39]. Zinc is one of the essential heavy metals. Its deficiency resulting from diet, alcoholism, and mal-absorption could lead to dwarfism, hypogonadism, and dermatitis, while excess concentration in the body could lead to nausea, anemia, and electrolyte imbalance [ 31, 60], and increased prevalence of obesity [ 61]. Excess concentration could also be detrimental to body tissues/organs. Non-alcoholic (ferrous, scnappes, spirite, cocacola, Amstel, malta, Fanta, malta Guinness, Maltina)

Canned beverages (Picnic Soymilk, Remmy Rankky Orange, Sprite Soft Drink, Star Pino Pineapple, Star Mango, Godys Malta Drink, Chinchin malt milk drink, coca coloa, Glorietta Lemonade orange, Sagiko pink guava, original precious juice, Fanta orange, sobela mixed fruit drink, sweet heart mixed fruit, Gold quell multivitamin, luna milk, three crowns milk, peak milk, lino and top milk and Lino and Holsten malta drinks) This week, however, it said concerns about category value erosion - and a 21% slump in total volume sales [Kantar 52 w/e 15 September 2013] - had prompted it to remove the one-litre lines.The occurrence of heavy metals in food often results from environmental and industrial contamination. Nnorom et al. [ 23] linked heavy metal contamination in food to environmental pollution. Others routes through which humans are exposed to heavy metals include contaminated air, water, and soil [ 29]. It could also be from the raw materials used for the processing of the specific food products and water. Heavy metals could build up in different body parts of humans, including blood, kidney, liver, heart, and spleen, where they cause disease conditions [ 31]. Due to the toxicity of heavy metals, their availability in food and drink is of immense concern to public health due to their biotoxic effects. Ochu et al. [ 32] reported that biotoxic effects of heavy metals occur when the concentration exceeds bio-recommended levels.