Lowara GS 4” Submersible Pump 4GS07T-4OS 0,75kW / 1HP / 3x380-415V 50Hz

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The CMIP process involves institutions (such as national meteorological centres or research institutes) from around the world running their climate models with an agreed set of input parameters (forcings). The modelling centres produce a set of standardised output. W hen combined, these produce a multi-model dataset that is shared internationally between modelling centres and the results compared. O’Neill, B.C. et al. (2014) ‘A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared socioeconomic pathways.’, Climatic Change, 122, pp. 387–400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0905-2 The model includes the components: aerosol: MAM4 with resuspension, marine organics, and secondary organics (same grid as atmos), atmos: EAM (v1.0, cubed sphere spectral-element grid; 5400 elements with p=3; 1 deg average grid spacing; 90 x 90 x 6 longitude/latitude/cubeface; 72 levels; top level 0.1 hPa), atmosChem: Troposphere specified oxidants for aerosols. Stratosphere linearized interactive ozone (LINOZ v2) (same grid as atmos), land: ELM (v1.0, cubed sphere spectral-element grid; 5400 elements with p=3; 1 deg average grid spacing; 90 x 90 x 6 longitude/latitude/cubeface; satellite phenology mode), MOSART (v1.0, 0.5 degree latitude/longitude grid), ocean: MPAS-Ocean (v6.0, oEC60to30 unstructured SVTs mesh with 235160 cells and 714274 edges, variable resolution 60 km to 30 km; 60 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: MPAS-Seaice (v6.0, same grid as ocean). The model was run in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 100 km, atmosphere: 100 km, atmospheric chemistry: 100 km, land: 100 km, ocean: 50 km, seaIce: 50 km. The model includes the components: atmos: ECHAM5_CAMS (T106; 320 x 160 longitude/latitude; 31 levels; top level 10 mb), land: CoLM 1.0, ocean: MOM4 (tripolar; 360 x 200 longitude/latitude, primarily 1deg latitude/longitude, down to 1/3deg within 30deg of the equatorial tropics; 50 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: SIS 1.0. The model was run in native nominal resolutions: atmosphere: 100 km, land: 100 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km. Figure 1 shows time series of global mean surface air temperature (GSAT) and global precipitation changes (see Fig. A2 for time series of the same variables disaggregated into land-only and ocean-only area averages; also see Tables A3 and A4 for changes under the different scenarios around mid-century and the end of the century). The historical baseline is taken as 1995–2014 (2014 being the last year of CMIP6 historical simulations). The five scenarios presented in these plots consist of the Tier 1 experiments (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) and the additional scenario designed to limit warming to 1.5 ∘C above 1850–1900 (a period often used as a proxy for pre-industrial conditions), SSP1-1.9. We smooth each trajectory by an 11-year running mean to focus on climate-scale variability.

The CDS subset of CMIP6 data has been through a quality control procedure which ensures a high standard of dependability of the data. It may be for example, that similar data can be found in the main CMIP6 ESGF archive however these data come with very limited quality assurance and may have metadata errors or omissions. Experiments Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) Experiments The model includes the components: atmos: ECHAM v6.3 (T63; 192 x 96 longitude/latitude; 47 levels; top level 1 Pa), land: JSBACH v3.1, ocean: NEMO v3.4 (NEMO v3.4, tripolar primarily 1deg; 384 x 362 longitude/latitude; 46 levels; top grid cell 0-6 m), seaIce: CICE4.1. The model was run in native nominal resolutions: atmosphere: 250 km, land: 2.5 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.The model includes the components: atmos: IFS cy36r4 (TL159, linearly reduced Gaussian grid equivalent to 320 x 160 longitude/latitude; 62 levels; top-level 5 hPa), land: HTESSEL (land surface scheme built-in IFS), ocean: NEMO3.6 (ORCA1 tripolar primarily 1 degree with meridional refinement down to 1/3 degree in the tropics; 362 x 292 longitude/latitude; 75 levels; top grid cell 0-1 m), seaIce: LIM3. The model was run in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km. The model includes the components: aerosol: MAM4 (same grid as atmos), atmos: WACCM6 (0.9x1.25 finite volume grid; 288 x 192 longitude/latitude; 70 levels; top level 4.5e-06 mb), atmosChem: MAM4 (same grid as atmos), land: CLM5 (same grid as atmos), landIce: CISM2.1, ocean: POP2 (320 x 384 longitude/latitude; 60 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), ocnBgchem: MARBL (same grid as ocean), seaIce: CICE5.1 (same grid as ocean). The model was run in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 100 km, atmosphere: 100 km, atmospheric chemistry: 100 km, land: 100 km, landIce: 5 km, ocean: 100 km, ocean biogeochemistry: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km. Figure 2 (top row) shows the spatial characteristics of warming and of wetting and drying. For temperature changes, the left panel confirms the well-established gradient of warming decreasing from northern high latitudes (with the Arctic regions warming at twice the pace of the global average) to the Southern Hemisphere and the enhanced warming in the interior of the continents compared to ocean regions (which consistently warm slower than the global average). This differential is particularly pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere (and would be muted if the normalized pattern was computed at equilibrium). The familiar cooling spot in the northern Atlantic appears as well – the only region with a negative sign of change. Studies have suggested that the cooling signal is an effect of the slowing of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which creates a signal of slower northward surface-heat transport, resulting in an apparent local cooling (Caesar et al., 2018; Keil et al., 2020).

The model includes the components: aerosol: IAP AACM, atmos: IAP AGCM 5.0 (Finite difference dynamical core; 256 x 128 longitude/latitude; 35 levels; top level 2.2 hPa), atmosChem: IAP AACM, land: CoLM, ocean: LICOM2.0 (LICOM2.0, primarily 1deg; 362 x 196 longitude/latitude; 30 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), ocnBgchem: IAP OBGCM, seaIce: CICE4. The model was run in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 100 km, atmosphere: 100 km, atmospheric chemistry: 100 km, land: 100 km, ocean: 100 km, ocean biogeochemistry: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km. SSP4-3.4 is a scenario experiment extending into the near future from 2015 to 2100, it is performed with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). The forcing for the CMIP6 SSP experiments is derived from shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), a set of emission scenarios driven by different socioeconomic assumptions, paired with representative concentration pathways (RCPs), global forcing pathways which lead to specific end of century radiative forcing targets. SSP4-3.4 is based on SSP4 in which climate change adaptation challenges dominate and RCP3.4, a future pathway with a radiative forcing of 3.4 W/m2 in the year 2100. The SSP4-3.4 scenario fills a gap at the low end of the range of plausible future forcing pathways. SSP 4-3.4 is of interest to mitigation policy since mitigation costs differ substantially between forcing levels of 4.5 W/m2 and 2.6 W/m2. The model includes the components: aerosol: HAM2.3, atmos: ECHAM6.3 (spectral T63; 192 x 96 longitude/latitude; 47 levels; top level 0.01 hPa), atmosChem: sulfur chemistry (unnamed), land: JSBACH 3.20, ocean: MPIOM1.63 (bipolar GR1.5, approximately 1.5deg; 256 x 220 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-12 m), ocnBgchem: HAMOCC6, seaIce: unnamed (thermodynamic (Semtner zero-layer) dynamic (Hibler 79) sea ice model). The model was run in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, atmosChem: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 250 km, ocnBgchem: 250 km, seaIce: 250 km. The global climate projections in the Climate Data Store (CDS) are a quality-controlled subset of the wider CMIP6 data. These data represent only a small subset of CMIP6 archive. A set of 51 core variables from the CMIP6 archive were identified for the CDS. These variables are provided from 9 of the most popular CMIP6 experiments.variant_label: is a label constructed from 4 indices (ensemble identifiers) ripf, where W, K, Y and Z are integers. grid_label: this describes the model grid used. For example, global mean data (gm), data reported on a model's native grid (gn) or regridded data reported on a grid other than the native grid and other than the preferred target grid (gr1). The model includes the components: aerosol: prescribed MAC-v2, atmos: IITM-GFSv1 (T62L64, Linearly Reduced Gaussian Grid; 192 x 94 longitude/latitude; 64 levels; top level 0.2 mb), land: NOAH LSMv2.7.1, ocean: MOM4p1 (tripolar, primarily 1deg; 360 x 200 longitude/latitude; 50 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), ocnBgchem: TOPAZv2.0, seaIce: SISv1.0. The model was run in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmosphere: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, ocean biogeochemistry: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km. As described in detail in O'Neill et al. (2016) and summarized in the matrix display in Fig. A1, the ScenarioMIP design consists of the following concentration-driven scenario experiments, subdivided into two tiers to guide prioritization of computing resources. Tier 1 consists of four 21st century scenarios. Three of them provide continuity with CMIP5 RCPs by targeting a similar level of aggregated radiative forcing (but we highlight important differences in the coming discussion): SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5. An additional scenario, SSP3-7.0, fills a gap in the medium to high end of the range of future forcing pathways with a new baseline scenario, assuming no additional mitigation beyond what is currently in force. The same scenario also prescribes larger SLCFs concentrations and land-use changes compared to the other trajectories.

The model includes the components: aerosol: MAM3, atmos: CAM5.3 (1deg; 288 x 192 longitude/latitude; 30 levels; top at ~2 hPa), land: CLM4.5 (BGC mode), ocean: NEMO3.6 (ORCA1 tripolar primarly 1 deg lat/lon with meridional refinement down to 1/3 degree in the tropics; 362 x 292 longitude/latitude; 50 vertical levels; top grid cell 0-1 m), seaIce: CICE4.0. The model was run in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 100 km, atmosphere: 100 km, land: 100 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km. There are some differences between the experimental design and organisation of CMIP6 and its predecessor CMIP5. It was decided that for CMIP6, a new and more federated structure would be used, consisting of the following three major elements:Eyring, V. et al. (2016) ‘Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization’, Geoscientific Model Development, 9(5), pp. 1937–1958. doi: 10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016.

The model includes the components: aerosol: MAM4 (same grid as atmos), atmos: CAM6 (0.9x1.25 finite volume grid; 288 x 192 longitude/latitude; 32 levels; top level 2.25 mb), atmosChem: MAM4 (same grid as atmos), land: CLM5 (same grid as atmos), landIce: CISM2.1, ocean: POP2 (320x384 longitude/latitude; 60 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), ocnBgchem: MARBL (same grid as ocean), seaIce: CICE5.1 (same grid as ocean). The model was run in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 100 km, atmos: 100 km, atmosChem: 100 km, land: 100 km, landIce: 5 km, ocean: 100 km, ocnBgchem: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km. The model includes the components: aerosol: MAM4 (same grid as atmos), atmos: WACCM6 (1.9x2.5 finite volume grid; 144 x 96 longitude/latitude; 70 levels; top level 4.5e-06 mb), atmosChem: MAM4 (same grid as atmos), land: CLM5 (same grid as atmos), landIce: CISM2.1, ocean: POP2 (320x384 longitude/latitude; 60 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), ocnBgchem: MARBL (same grid as ocean), seaIce: CICE5.1 (same grid as ocean). The model was run in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmosphere: 250 km, atmospheric chemistry: 250 km, land: 250 km, landIce: 5 km, ocean: 100 km, ocean biogeochemistry: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.The third category, labelled physics_index (referred to with letter p), refers to variations in the way in which sub-grid scale processes are represented. Comparing different simulations in this category provides an estimate of the structural uncertainty associated with choices in the model design. The model includes the components: atmos: IFS cy36r4 (TL255, linearly reduced Gaussian grid equivalent to 512 x 256 longitude/latitude; 91 levels; top-level 0.01 hPa), land: HTESSEL (land surface scheme built-in IFS), ocean: NEMO3.6 (ORCA1 tripolar primarily 1 deg with meridional refinement down to 1/3 degree in the tropics; 362 x 292 longitude/latitude; 75 levels; top grid cell 0-1 m), seaIce: LIM3. The model was run in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 100 km, land: 100 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km. SSP5-8.5 is a scenario experiment extending into the near future from 2015 to 2100, it is performed with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). The forcing for the CMIP6 SSP experiments is derived from shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), a set of emission scenarios driven by different socioeconomic assumptions, paired with representative concentration pathways (RCPs), global forcing pathways which lead to specific end of century radiative forcing targets. SSP5-8.5 is based on SSP5 in which climate change mitigation challenges dominate and RCP8.5, a future pathway with a radiative forcing of 8.5 W/m2 in the year 2100. The ssp585 scenario represents the high end of plausible future forcing pathways. SSP5-8.5 is comparable to the CMIP5 experiment RCP8.5. The model includes the components: atmos: FAMIL2.2 (Cubed-sphere, c96; 360 x 180 longitude/latitude; 32 levels; top level 2.16 hPa), land: CLM4.0, ocean: LICOM3.0 (LICOM3.0, tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 218 longitude/latitude; 30 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: CICE4.0. The model was run in native nominal resolutions: atmosphere: 100 km, land: 100 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.