The Brontesaurus: An A–Z of Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë (and Branwell)

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Foster, John R.; Peterson, Joseph E. (September 1, 2016). "First report of Apatosaurus (Diplodocidae: Apatosaurinae) from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah: Abundance, distribution, paleoecology, and taphonomy of an endemic North American sauropod clade". Palaeoworld. 25 (3): 431–443. doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2015.11.006. ISSN 1871-174X. a b Marsh, O. C. (1891). "Restoration of Brontosaurus". American Journal of Science. s3-41: 341–342.

When it comes to dinosaurs, there is still so much for us to learn, including the differences between apatosaurus vs brontosaurus. While the debate over whether or not these two creatures are related still continues, there is scientific evidence to suggest that these are two different dinosaur species rather than the same one. But how can you tell? Happy Valentine's Day from Apatosaurinae". Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week. February 15, 2021 . Retrieved June 10, 2023. There are stories of either Cope or Marsh telling their fossil collectors to smash skeletons that were still in the ground, just so the other guy couldn't get them," Lamanna tells Guy Raz, host of weekends on All Things Considered. "It was definitely a bitter, bitter rivalry." a b c Peterson, Joseph E.; Lovelace, David; Connely, Melissa; McHugh, Julia B. (2022). "A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 25 (2): 1–23. doi: 10.26879/1216. ISSN 1094-8074. S2CID 251174364.Originally named by its discoverer Othniel Charles Marsh in 1879, Brontosaurus had long been considered a junior synonym of Apatosaurus; its type species, Brontosaurus excelsus, was reclassified as A. excelsus in 1903. However, an extensive study published in 2015 by a joint British-Portuguese research team concluded that Brontosaurus was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from Apatosaurus. [10] [55] [56] Nevertheless, not all paleontologists agree with this division. [57] [33] The same study classified two additional species that had once been considered Apatosaurus and Eobrontosaurus as Brontosaurus parvus and Brontosaurus yahnahpin respectively. [10] Despite Riggs' publication, Henry Fairfield Osborn, who was a strong opponent of Marsh and his taxa, labeled the Apatosaurus mount of the American Museum of Natural History Brontosaurus. [37] [38] Because of this decision the name Brontosaurus was commonly used outside of scientific literature for what Riggs considered Apatosaurus, and the museum's popularity meant that Brontosaurus became one of the best known dinosaurs, even though it was invalid throughout nearly all of the 20th and early 21st centuries. [39] Apatosaurine mount (FMNH P25112) in the Field Museum of Natural History in the 1950s, with its original, inaccurately reconstructed skull And yet, I still feel some affection for Brontosaurus. This isn’t because I would prefer to see dumb, blunt-headed dinosaurs sloshing through algae-filled ponds, but because the old thunder lizard represented the epitome of true dinosaur-ness when I was a child. The mountain of muscle and bone was a wonderful icon which, in memory, reminds me just how much dinosaurs have changed during the twenty four years since I first saw the sauropod’s bones. I am thrilled that paleontologists sunk Brontosaurus, and the story of the icon’s demise reflects how paleontology has matured from a contest to see who could collect the biggest skeletons to a discipline that is carefully teasing out the secrets of prehistoric lives. Description [ edit ] Comparison of A. ajax (orange) and A. louisae (red) with a human (blue) and Brontosaurus parvus (green)

In the 1903 edition of Geological Series of the Field Columbian Museum, Elmer Riggs argued that Brontosaurus was not different enough from Apatosaurus to warrant a separate genus, so he created the new combination Apatosaurus excelsus for it. Riggs stated that "In view of these facts the two genera may be regarded as synonymous. As the term ' Apatosaurus' has priority, ' Brontosaurus' will be regarded as a synonym". [19] Nonetheless, before the mounting of the American Museum of Natural History specimen, Henry Fairfield Osborn chose to label the skeleton " Brontosaurus", though he was a strong opponent of Marsh and his taxa. [14] [20] I am glad that dinosaurs have changed dramatically since Matthew characterized them as idiotic, clumsy piles of flesh. Apatosaurus and the whole rest of the dinosaurian ensemble are far more fascinating now than they were when bound to short and savage lives in steaming jungles and marshes. The true identity of “ Brontosaurus” was eventually made clear, sauropods were ushered out of the swamps, butt-brains have been refuted, and paleontologists are able to extract more information about dinosaur lives from old bones than ever thought possible before. Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul; Mateus, Octávio; Barnes, Rosie N.; Jones, Marc E. H. (2012). "New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (3): 521–551. Bibcode: 2012JSPal..10..521M. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2011.595432. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 56468989. Let’s discuss some of these possible differences in more detail so that you can make your own informed decision.

Evolution of the Company Symbol". Sinclair Oil Corporation. 2013. Archived from the original on June 21, 2014 . Retrieved April 8, 2014.