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Zebra F Refill Ballpoint Pen for F-301, F-701, Expandz & Spiral. Pack of 12 Black

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Because of its small size, however, it is very challenging to quantify the internal drug exposure. Traditionally multiple blood samples would be drawn to characterize the drug concentration profile over time, but this technique remains to be developed. To date, only a single pharmacokinetic model for paracetamol has been developed in zebrafish larvae. [104] Computational data analysis [ edit ] Orger MB, de Polavieja GG (2017-07-25). "Zebrafish Behavior: Opportunities and Challenges". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 40 (1): 125–147. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033857. PMID 28375767. S2CID 46739494. Another notable characteristic of the zebrafish is that it possesses four types of cone cell, with ultraviolet-sensitive cells supplementing the red, green and blue cone cell subtypes found in humans. Zebrafish can thus observe a very wide spectrum of colours. The species is also studied to better understand the development of the retina; in particular, how the cone cells of the retina become arranged into the so-called 'cone mosaic'. Zebrafish, in addition to certain other teleost fish, are particularly noted for having extreme precision of cone cell arrangement. [130] In late 2003, transgenic zebrafish that express green, red, and yellow fluorescent proteins became commercially available in the United States. The fluorescent strains are tradenamed GloFish; other cultivated varieties include "golden", "sandy", "longfin" and "leopard". Within a herd, zebras tend to stay together in smaller family groups, made up of a dominant male, several females (called ‘mares’) and their young (called ‘foals’). When they are between one and three years old, males (or ‘stallions’) leave to join ‘bachelor herds’ (all-male groups), where they stay until they’re old enough and strong enough to compete for females.

McCluskey BM, Postlethwait JH (March 2015). "Phylogeny of zebrafish, a "model species", within Danio, a "model genus" ". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (3): 635–652. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu325. PMC 4327152. PMID 25415969. In 2009, researchers at the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology in Delhi, India, announced the sequencing of the genome of a wild zebrafish strain, containing an estimated 1.7 billion genetic letters. [72] [73] The genome of the wild zebrafish was sequenced at 39-fold coverage. Comparative analysis with the zebrafish reference genome revealed over 5 million single nucleotide variations and over 1.6 million insertion deletion variations. The zebrafish reference genome sequence of 1.4GB and over 26,000 protein coding genes was published by Kerstin Howe et al. in 2013. [74] Mitochondrial DNA [ edit ]The zebra danio was also used to make genetically modified fish and were the first species to be sold as GloFish (fluorescent colored fish). They are capable of running at speeds of 58 kph (36 mph), which is faster than some of their predators, including lions. Torraca V, Masud S, Spaink HP, Meijer AH (July 2014). "Macrophage-pathogen interactions in infectious diseases: new therapeutic insights from the zebrafish host model". Disease Models & Mechanisms. 7 (7): 785–797. doi: 10.1242/dmm.015594. PMC 4073269. PMID 24973749. When close relatives mate, progeny may exhibit the detrimental effects of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is predominantly caused by the homozygous expression of recessive deleterious alleles. [91] For zebrafish, inbreeding depression might be expected to be more severe in stressful environments, including those caused by anthropogenic pollution. Exposure of zebrafish to environmental stress induced by the chemical clotrimazole, an imidazole fungicide used in agriculture and in veterinary and human medicine, amplified the effects of inbreeding on key reproductive traits. [92] Embryo viability was significantly reduced in inbred exposed fish and there was a tendency for inbred males to sire fewer offspring.

There are three living species of Zebra: the plains zebra (Equus quagga), the grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi), and the mountain zebra (Equus zebra). Each species has unique stripes. They’re good with endurance, as well, which gives them an advantage over most ambush predators, as long as they avoid the initial lunge. Xiang J, Yang H, Che C, Zou H, Yang H, Wei Y, etal. (2009). Isalan M (ed.). "Identifying tumor cell growth inhibitors by combinatorial chemistry and zebrafish assays". PLOS ONE. 4 (2): e4361. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.4361X. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004361. PMC 2633036. PMID 19194508. Zebrafish have been used as model organisms for bone metabolism, tissue turnover, and resorbing activity. These processes are largely evolutionary conserved. They have been used to study osteogenesis (bone formation), evaluating differentiation, matrix deposition activity, and cross-talk of skeletal cells, to create and isolate mutants modeling human bone diseases, and test new chemical compounds for the ability to revert bone defects. [138] [139] The larvae can be used to follow new ( de novo) osteoblast formation during bone development. They start mineralising bone elements as early as 4 days post fertilisation. Recently, adult zebrafish are being used to study complex age related bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta. [140] The (elasmoid) scales of zebrafish function as a protective external layer and are little bony plates made by osteoblasts. These exoskeletal structures are formed by bone matrix depositing osteoblasts and are remodeled by osteoclasts. The scales also act as the main calcium storage of the fish. They can be cultured ex-vivo (kept alive outside of the organism) in a multi-well plate, which allows manipulation with drugs and even screening for new drugs that could change bone metabolism (between osteoblasts and osteoclasts). [140] [141] [142] Diabetes [ edit ] The grevy’s zebra is endangered according to the IUCN Redlist. Its population size was estimated to be around 15,000 in the 1970’s, and has declined to closer to 2,000 today.Kawakami K, Takeda H, Kawakami N, Kobayashi M, Matsuda N, Mishina M (July 2004). "A transposon-mediated gene trap approach identifies developmentally regulated genes in zebrafish". Developmental Cell. 7 (1): 133–144. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.06.005. PMID 15239961.

Various transgenic and mutant strains of zebrafish were stored at the China Zebrafish Resource Center (CZRC), a non-profit organization, which was jointly supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. [ citation needed] Wild-type strains [ edit ]Striping patterns are unique to an individual and heritable. [47] During embryonic development, the stripes appear at eight months, but the patterns may be determined at three to five weeks. For each species there is a point in embryonic development where the stripes are perpendicular to the dorsal line and spaced 0.4mm (0.016in) apart. However, this happens at three weeks of development for the plains zebra, four weeks for the mountain zebra, and five for Grévy's zebra. The difference in timing is thought to be responsible for the differences in the striping patterns of the different species. [44] van der Vaart M, Spaink HP, Meijer AH (2012). "Pathogen recognition and activation of the innate immune response in zebrafish". Advances in Hematology. 2012: 159807. doi: 10.1155/2012/159807. PMC 3395205. PMID 22811714.

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