Anatomy of the Horse: with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg

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The Pedal bone provides strength and stability to the hoof and acts as a framework to hold other structures in place.

Volume I: Book I begins with an introduction where Ruini stresses the importance of “artful instruction” concerning the body of the horse, which leads to knowledge of its constitution and of the means of prolonging its life. If starch is not digested in the small intestine it will be delivered to the hindgut where it will be rapidly fermented by bacteria, causing lactic acid production and accumulation, hindgut acidosis and diseases such as colic, metabolic acidosis and laminitis/founder.The horse’s brain weighs between 400 and 700 grams; compared to its body weight, this constitutes a ratio of 1:800. This division is composed of sensory neurons and conveys information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

Chestnuts – elliptic in shape, placed on the inner side of the legs – above knees on the front legs, and above hocks on the back legs. The equine skeleton is the framework of the horse’s body as well as providing protection for the horse’s vital organs, such as the heart, lung and intestines.While speaking of the horse's head, it would be a misunderstanding to omit the eyes - namely, their placing that allows the horse to see a particular perspective. Three flexures are also named; the sternal flexure, between right and left ventral colon; the pelvic flexure, between left ventral and left dorsal colon; the diaphragmatic flexure, between left dorsal and right dorsal colon. Commonly referred to as the white line, although this is very misleading, not only because it is actually yellowish but also because it is next to the white inner wall of the hoof. It does not have a medulla (bone marrow) and has an unusually high density of tiny blood vessels running through it.

Serving healthcare professionals through interactive anatomy atlases, medical imaging, collaborative database of clinical cases, online courses.The convex bottom part blocks the airflow through the trachea, which makes it difficult for the horse to breathe – this is why this type of horse neck is considered the least desired and most flawed one. Once a tendon is damaged the tendon will always be weaker, because the collagen fibres tend to line up in random arrangements instead of the stronger linear pattern. You should really pay attention to the state of the horse's limbs – their condition often says whether it's possible to use the horse.