Faithfull Earth Rammer 10Lb with Metal Shaft, Black, 125cm Long, 12 x 12cm Face (FAIER10)

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Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. [1] It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method. Rammed Earth Construction". Earth Structures. Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. The compressive strength of rammed earth is dictated by factors such as soil type, particle size distribution, amount of compaction, moisture content of the mix and type/amount of stabiliser used. Well-produced cement-stabilised rammed earth walls can be anywhere between 5 and 20 MPa. Higher compressive strength might require more cement. But addition of more cement can affect the permeability of the walls. Indeed, properly constructed rammed earth endures for thousands of years, as many ancient structures that are still standing around the world demonstrate. Rammed earth walls are reinforced with rebars in areas of high seismic activity. Wolfskill, Lyle A.; Dunlap, Wayne A.; Gallaway, Bob M. "Handbook For Building Homes of Earth" (PDF). Texas Transportation Institute bulletin. No.21 (1453ed.). College Station, Texas, USA: Texas Transportation Institute . Retrieved October 6, 2017.

During the Third Front campaign to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Planning Commission Director Li Fuchun project leaders to make do with what was available, including building rammed earth housing so that more resources could be directed to production. [19] :207 This policy came to be expressed through the slogan, "First build the factory and afterward housing." [19] :207 Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, completed in 2006 "Pisé" houses of rammed earth in Tabant, Morocco; the technique is called " tabut" there. Rammed-earth walls form part of the entrance edifice of the Eden Project in Cornwall, England, UK See also [ edit ] Insulating a rammed earth structure can require careful thought. Often designers would like to keep the external face of the rammed earth exposed for aesthetic reasons. Insulating the structure in the inside of the building will lose all thermal mass benefits. It is more beneficial to insulate the structure on the outside of the building which will protect the rammed earth but also allow the building to benefit from thermal mass. Keable, Rowland. "Rammed Earth – Pollution and Cement". Rammed Earth Consulting. London . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Howard, Glenn (1943). "Bulletin No. 3: Rammed Earth Building Construction.". Clemson, South Carolina: The Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina, Engineering Experiment Station. Soil mix is poured into the formwork to a depth of 10 to 25cm (4 to 10in) and then compacted to approximately 50% of its original volume. The soil is compacted iteratively, in batches or courses, so as to gradually erect the wall up to the top of the formwork. Tamping was historically manual with a long ramming pole by hand, but modern construction systems can employ pneumatically-powered tampers.The French term "pisé de terre" or "terre pisé" was sometimes used in English for architectural uses, especially in the 19th century. Edifices formed of rammed earth are on every continent except Antarctica, in a range of environments including temperate, wet, [3] semiarid desert, montane, and tropical regions. The availability of suitable soil and a building design appropriate for local climatic conditions are the factors that favour its use. Edifices of the Borough House Plantation, Stateburg, South Carolina, erected in the 1820s. Holy Cross Episcopal Church in Stateburg, South Carolina, erected between 1850 and 1852 a b Hou, Li (2021). Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1.

Rammed earth construction was both practically and ideologically important during the rapid construction of the Daqing oil field and the related development of Daqing. [17] :55 The "Daqing Spirit" represented deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. [18] :3 Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by Karl Marx because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor. [18] :3 A typical Hmong house-building technique in the subtropical climate of Vietnam. Old rammed-earth wall with deterioration, in France Environmental effects and sustainability [ edit ] Rammed-earth trombe wall constructed by Design Build Bluff The construction of an entire wall begins with a temporary frame, the "formwork", which is usually made of wood or plywood, as a mold for the desired shape and dimensions of each section of wall. The form must be durable and well braced, and the two opposing faces must be clamped together to prevent bulging or deformation caused by the large compressing forces. Formwork plays an important role in building rammed earth walls. Historically, wooden planks tied using rope were used to build walls. Modern builders use plywood and/or steel to build formwork. After a wall is complete, it is sufficiently strong to immediately remove the formwork. This is necessary if a surface texture is to be applied, e.g., by wire brushing, carving, or mold impression, because the walls become too hard to work after approximately one hour. The compressive strength of rammed earth increases as it cures. Cement-stabilised rammed earth is cured for a minimum period of 28 days.Construction material of damp subsoil The ruins of a Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth in Dunhuang, Province of Gansu, China, at the eastern end of the Silk Road.

Rammed earth works require at least one skilled person for quality control. All other workers can be unskilled or semi-skilled. Mixing cement with the soil can counteract sustainable benefits such as low embodied energy because manufacture of the cement itself creates 1.25 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of cement produced. [9] Although it has low greenhouse gas emissions in theory, transportation and the production of cement can add significantly [ quantify] to the overall emissions of modern rammed earth construction. The most basic kind of traditional rammed earth has very low greenhouse gas emissions but the more engineered and processed variant of rammed earth has the potential for significant emissions. [ citation needed] History [ edit ] A hangtu section of the Great Wall of China Rammed-earth edifice on a farm in FranceXujie, Liu; etal. (2002). Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (ed.). Chinese Architecture. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press and Beijing, China: New World Press. pp. 12–14, 21–2. ISBN 978-0-300-09559-3. OCLC 186413872. Craterre - This French institute provides training in earth construction techniques and in conjunction with UNESCO seeks to disseminate scientific and technical know-how on earthen architecture.

a b c d e Cassell, Robert O. (17 December 2001). "A Traditional Research Paper: Rammed Earth Construction". Ashland Community and Technical College. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Earth Rammer Manufacturer in Chennai, Earth Rammer Dealer in Chennai, Earth Rammer Shop in Chennai, Earth Rammer Supplier in Chennai, Earth Rammer Price in Chennai Interest in rammed earth declined after World War II when the cost of modern construction materials decreased. [ citation needed] Rammed earth is considered substandard, and is opposed by many contractors, engineers, and tradesmen. [6] The prevailing perception that such materials and techniques perform poorly in regions prone to earthquakes has prevented their use in much of the world. [ citation needed] In Chile, for example, rammed earth edifices normally cannot be conventionally insured against damage or even be approved by the government. [ citation needed]

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Constructed in 1821, the Borough House Plantation complex contains the oldest and largest collection of 'high style' pise de terre (rammed earth) buildings in the United States. Six of the 27 dependencies and portions of the main house were constructed using this ancient technique which was introduced to this country in 1806 through the book Rural Economy, by S. W. Johnson Rammed earth can effectively regulate humidity if unclad walls containing clay are exposed to an internal space. Humidity is regulated between 40% and 60%. [ citation needed] The material mass and clay content of rammed earth allows an edifice to breathe more than concrete edifices, which avoids problems of condensation but prevents significant loss of heat. [6] In modern rammed earth buildings, the walls are constructed on top of conventional footings or a reinforced concrete slab base. In the 1800s, rammed earth was popularized in the United States by the book Rural Economy by S. W. Johnson. The technique was used to construct the Borough House Plantation [12] and the Church of the Holy Cross [13] in Stateburg, South Carolina, both being National Historic Landmarks. A feature often exploited with rammed earth structures is thermal mass. The thermal mass slows the movement of heat through the walls, then releases the heat when the surrounding temperature drops (at night). Thermal mass structures can even out temperature variations, creating a comfortable internal environment.