Liquid Chlorine Pool Shock - Commercial Grade 12.5% Concentrated Strength - 1 Gallon

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Chlorine is intermediate in reactivity between fluorine and bromine, and is one of the most reactive elements. Chlorine is a weaker oxidising agent than fluorine but a stronger one than bromine or iodine. This can be seen from the standard electrode potentials of the X 2/X − couples (F, +2.866V; Cl, +1.395V; Br, +1.087V; I, +0.615V; At, approximately +0.3V). However, this trend is not shown in the bond energies because fluorine is singular due to its small size, low polarisability, and inability to show hypervalence. As another difference, chlorine has a significant chemistry in positive oxidation states while fluorine does not. Chlorination often leads to higher oxidation states than bromination or iodination but lower oxidation states than fluorination. Chlorine tends to react with compounds including M–M, M–H, or M–C bonds to form M–Cl bonds. [36] Chlorine played an important role in the experiments conducted by medieval alchemists, which commonly involved the heating of chloride salts like ammonium chloride ( sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride ( common salt), producing various chemical substances containing chlorine such as hydrogen chloride, mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), and hydrochloric acid (in the form of aqua regia). However, the nature of free chlorine gas as a separate substance was only recognised around 1630 by Jan Baptist van Helmont. Carl Wilhelm Scheele wrote a description of chlorine gas in 1774, supposing it to be an oxide of a new element. In 1809, chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure element, and this was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it after the Ancient Greek χλωρός ( khlōrós, "pale green") because of its colour.

The chlorination process involves adding chlorine to water, but the chlorinating product does not necessarily have to be pure chlorine. Chlorination can also be carried out using chlorine-containing substances. Depending on the pH conditions required and the available storage options, different chlorine-containing substances can be used. The three most common types of chlorine used in water treatment are: chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, and calcium hypochlorite. Chlorine Gas Almqvist, Ebbe (2003). History of Industrial Gases. Springer Science & Business Media. p.220. ISBN 978-0-306-47277-0.

When used at specified levels for water disinfection, the reaction of chlorine with water is not a major concern for human health. Other materials present in the water may generate disinfection by-products that are associated with negative effects on human health. [115] [116]

This reaction is conducted in the oxidising solvent arsenic pentafluoride. The trichloride anion, [Cl 3] −, has also been characterised; it is analogous to triiodide. [47] Chlorine fluorides Scheele observed several of the properties of chlorine: the bleaching effect on litmus, the deadly effect on insects, the yellow-green color, and the smell similar to aqua regia. [14] He called it " dephlogisticated muriatic acid air" since it is a gas (then called "airs") and it came from hydrochloric acid (then known as "muriatic acid"). [13] He failed to establish chlorine as an element. [13] Chodos, Alan (ed.). "This Month in Physics History September 4, 1821 and August 29, 1831: Faraday and Electromagnetism". American Physical Society. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010 . Retrieved 2010-05-08.The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania". Archived from the original on April 30, 2011 . Retrieved 2008-07-10. Paul May. "Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite)". University of Bristol. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016. For swimming pools, it can be used in solid granular form (calcium hypochlorite) or liquid ( sodium hypochlorite). The three fluorides of chlorine form a subset of the interhalogen compounds, all of which are diamagnetic. [47] Some cationic and anionic derivatives are known, such as ClF −

Weaponry: Use of Chlorine Gas Cylinders in World War I". historynet.com. 2006-06-12. Archived from the original on 2008-07-02 . Retrieved 2008-07-10. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for elemental chlorine at 1ppm, or 3mg/m 3. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has designated a recommended exposure limit of 0.5ppm over 15 minutes. [113] Chlorine perchlorate (ClOClO 3) is a pale yellow liquid that is less stable than ClO 2 and decomposes at room temperature to form chlorine, oxygen, and dichlorine hexoxide (Cl 2O 6). [53] Chlorine perchlorate may also be considered a chlorine derivative of perchloric acid (HOClO 3), similar to the thermally unstable chlorine derivatives of other oxoacids: examples include chlorine nitrate (ClONO 2, vigorously reactive and explosive), and chlorine fluorosulfate (ClOSO 2F, more stable but still moisture-sensitive and highly reactive). [54] Dichlorine hexoxide is a dark-red liquid that freezes to form a solid which turns yellow at −180°C: it is usually made by reaction of chlorine dioxide with oxygen. Despite attempts to rationalise it as the dimer of ClO 3, it reacts more as though it were chloryl perchlorate, [ClO 2] +[ClO 4] −, which has been confirmed to be the correct structure of the solid. It hydrolyses in water to give a mixture of chloric and perchloric acids: the analogous reaction with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride does not proceed to completion. [53] Main article: Organochlorine compound Suggested mechanism for the chlorination of a carboxylic acid by phosphorus pentachloride to form an acyl chlorideAfter finding the average depth, you'd multiply 50 × 20 × 4.5 ft (15.2 × 6.1 × 1.4 m) to find a volume of 4500 cubic feet (127 m 3). Since 1 cubic foot (0.028 m 3) contains 7.48 gallons (28.3 L) of water, your pool holds 33,760 gallons (127,800 L) of water. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. Unstabilized chlorine is the best choice for indoor pools or pools where there isn’t too much exposure to the sun, such as heavily shaded or covered areas.