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Treee: Part One: 1

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Consequently, from both a taxonomic and a phylogenetic perspective, the tree is an artificial category. On an ecological basis, however, the tree can be recognized as a natural construct, as it represents an adaptive strategy by many different taxa to exploit and dominate the habitat above the ground. Pappas, Stephanie. "Thousands of Tree Species Remain Unknown to Science". Scientific American . Retrieved 18 January 2023. The oldest reported age for an Angiosperm tree is 2,305 years for the Sri Maha Bodhi sacred fig ( Ficus religiosa) planted in 288BC at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; this is said to be the oldest human-planted tree with a known planting date. The Oubangui people of west Africa plant a tree when a child is born. As the tree flourishes, so does the child but if the tree fails to thrive, the health of the child is considered at risk. When it flowers it is time for marriage. Gifts are left at the tree periodically and when the individual dies, their spirit is believed to live on in the tree. [159] At least 120 drugs come from plant sources, many of them from the bark of trees. [142] Quinine originates from the cinchona tree ( Cinchona) and was for a long time the remedy of choice for the treatment of malaria. [143] Aspirin was synthesised to replace the sodium salicylate derived from the bark of willow trees ( Salix) which had unpleasant side effects. [144] The anti-cancer drug Paclitaxel is derived from taxol, a substance found in the bark of the Pacific yew ( Taxus brevifolia). [145] Other tree based drugs come from the paw-paw ( Carica papaya), the cassia ( Cassia spp.), the cocoa tree ( Theobroma cacao), the tree of life ( Camptotheca acuminata) and the downy birch ( Betula pubescens). [142]

a b c Gschwantner, Thomas; etal. (2009). "Common tree definitions for national forest inventories in Europe". Silva Fennica. 43 (2): 303–321. doi: 10.14214/sf.463. tree, woody plant that regularly renews its growth ( perennial). Most plants classified as trees have a single self-supporting trunk containing woody tissues, and in most species the trunk produces secondary limbs, called branches. Some trees such as Alder ( Alnus species) have a symbiotic relationship with Frankia species, a filamentous bacterium that can fix nitrogen from the air, converting it into ammonia. They have actinorhizal root nodules on their roots in which the bacteria live. This process enables the tree to live in low nitrogen habitats where they would otherwise be unable to thrive. [55] The plant hormones called cytokinins initiate root nodule formation, in a process closely related to mycorrhizal association. [56] Based on their general shape and size, all of these are nonetheless generally regarded as trees. Trees can vary a lot. A plant that is similar to a tree, but generally smaller, and may have multiple trunks, or have branches that arise near the ground, is called a " shrub", or a "bush". Since these are common English words there is no precise differentiation between shrubs and trees. Given their small size, bonsai plants would not technically be "trees", but are indeed "trees". Do not confuse the use of tree for a species of plant, with the size or shape of individual specimens. A spruce seedling does not fit the definition of a tree, but all spruces are trees.

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Binggeli, Pierre. "The conservation value of sycamore" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2012. Russell, Tony; Cutler, Catherine (2003). The World Encyclopedia of Trees. Lorenz Books. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-7548-1292-0. A small group of trees growing together is called a grove or copse, and a landscape covered by a dense growth of trees is called a forest. Several biotopes are defined largely by the trees that inhabit them; examples are rainforest and taiga (see ecozones). A landscape of trees scattered or spaced across grassland (usually grazed or burned over periodically) is called a savanna. A forest of great age is called old growth forest or ancient woodland (in the UK). A very young tree is called a sapling. Where rainfall is relatively evenly spread across the seasons in temperate regions, temperate broadleaf and mixed forest typified by species like oak, beech, birch and maple is found. [46] Temperate forest is also found in the southern hemisphere, as for example in the Eastern Australia temperate forest, characterised by Eucalyptus forest and open acacia woodland. [47] Resin is another plant exudate that may have a defensive purpose. It is a viscous liquid composed mainly of volatile terpenes and is produced mostly by coniferous trees. It is used in varnishes, for making small castings and in ten-pin bowling balls. When heated, the terpenes are driven off and the remaining product is called "rosin" and is used by stringed instrumentalists on their bows. Some resins contain essential oils and are used in incense and aromatherapy. Fossilised resin is known as amber and was mostly formed in the Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago) or more recently. The resin that oozed out of trees sometimes trapped insects or spiders and these are still visible in the interior of the amber. [154]

Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2002). Biology (6thed.). Pearson Education. p.725. ISBN 978-0-201-75054-6. Squire, David (2004). The Bonsai Specialist. New Holland Publishers. p.66. ISBN 978-1-84330-543-9. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2016. Studies have shown that trees contribute as much as 27% of the appraised land value in certain markets. [13] Basic tree values (varies by region) [14] diameterSager, Kim. "Whitebark Pine Seeds, Red Squirrels, and Grizzly Bears: An Interconnected Relationship". BEHAVE: Behavioral Education for Human, Animal, Vegetation and Ecosystem Management. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2012. The forest biome: Boreal forest". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012.

Yatskievych, George. "Tree fern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012. Cork Flooring is Environmentally Sustainable". AZoM.com. 27 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2012. Other species suspected of reaching exceptional age include European Yew Taxus baccata (probably over 2,000 years [10] [11]) and western redcedar Thuja plicata. The oldest known European yew is the Llangernyw yew in the Churchyard of Llangernyw village in North Wales which is estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 years old. A coast redwood: 115.85 metres (380.1 feet), in Redwood National Park, California had been measured as tallest, but may no longer be standing. [5] The tree is not an immutable biological category but rather a human concept based on visual criteria. Perhaps a general definition would describe a tree as a perennial woody plant that develops along a single main trunk to a height of at least 4.5 metres (15 feet) at maturity. This may be contrasted with a shrub, which might be loosely defined as a woody plant with multiple stems that is, in most cases, less than 3 metres (about 10 feet) tall. However, a species fitting the description of either in one area of the world might not necessarily do so in other regions, since a variety of stresses shape the habit of the mature plant. Thus, a given woody species may be a tree in one set of habitats within its range and a shrub elsewhere. For example, the spruce and fir may thrive in the tree form at the base of a mountain but assume a shrub form near the mountaintop, the variation due principally to stresses exerted by such environmental conditions as altitude, temperature, and oxygen tension.Trees have been venerated since time immemorial. To the ancient Celts, certain trees, especially the oak, ash and thorn, held special significance [158] as providing fuel, building materials, ornamental objects and weaponry. Other cultures have similarly revered trees, often linking the lives and fortunes of individuals to them or using them as oracles. In Greek mythology, dryads were believed to be shy nymphs who inhabited trees. Martin, Franklin; Sherman, Scott (2007). "Agroforestry principles" (PDF). Echo technical notes. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2014. This discovery is two or three million years older than the previous oldest forest at Gilboa, also in New York State. [12] Tree value estimation [ change | change source ] When growing conditions improve, such as the arrival of warmer weather and the longer days associated with spring in temperate regions, growth starts again. The expanding shoot pushes its way out, shedding the scales in the process. These leave behind scars on the surface of the twig. The whole year's growth may take place in just a few weeks. The new stem is unlignified at first and may be green and downy. The Arecaceae (palms) have their leaves spirally arranged on an unbranched trunk. [72] In some tree species in temperate climates, a second spurt of growth, a Lammas growth may occur which is believed to be a strategy to compensate for loss of early foliage to insect predators. [73]

Scientists in the UK and Malaysia say they have discovered the world's tallest tropical tree measuring more than 100m (328ft) high. [4] Street trees". Greenspace initiative. Forestry Commission. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2014. Loha-unchit, Kasma. "Kaffir Lime: Magrood". Thai Food and Travel. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019 . Retrieved 16 May 2012.Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. Tropical rainforests are among the most biodiverse habitats in the world. Trees provide shade and shelter, timber for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as having many other uses. In much of the world, forests are shrinking as trees are cleared to increase the amount of land available for agriculture. Because of their longevity and usefulness, trees have always been revered, with sacred groves in various cultures, and they play a role in many of the world's mythologies. Forest Layers, Stories, And Stratification". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017.

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