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But there is also a side of Horace that longs to be in the middle of the action, despite the attendant demands on his time and energy. Augustus’s vision included peace and renewal of the state on all levels—political, religious, domestic. After the waters had subsided, Deucalion and his wife asked Themis how they could repopulate the earth. A rejected Horace promises his past lover that he will have the last laugh in a poem that comes closest to the Odes in tone ( Epod. There the savior Themis, seated beside Zeus the god of hospitality, is honored more than among all other men.

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Augustus’s stepson Tiberius (7), the advocate Trebatius (5), and Albius (probably the poet Tibullus, 4)—and to others who are otherwise unattested and perhaps friends only of the poet’s imagination.

The scribes in general were just below the equestrians as a social group; the scribae quaestorii were the highest-ranking scribes, however, and many achieved equestrian status. In his first consulship (222) Marcellus fought the Insubres and won the spolia opima (“spoils of honour”; the arms taken by a general who killed an enemy chief in single combat) for the third and last time in Roman history. Rome is the proving ground for poets as well as politicians, and Horace is not without competitive instincts. A teasing version of the poet’s participation in such a diplomatic expedition is the subject of Sat.

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Between these sets are the two central poems focusing on Horace’s friendship with Maecenas, the first a narrative of a shared journey ( Sat. Even at this early stage of his career, Horace may have had influential friends who recommended him for the appointment. The poem that immediately follows this procession of stately Alcaics, however, is neither stately nor Alcaic but a light poem in the erotic tradition and Asclepiadian meter.Despite its informality and mundane subject matter—the antithesis of epic—satire in Horace’s hands is more than versifying. Horace speaks with loving respect, not embarrassment, of his freedman father and portrays him as ambitious for his son, but not at the cost of personal virtue. Italy had been torn by strife for as long as anyone alive could remember and for the last quarter century had first teetered on the brink of, then plunged into, civil war. Like Pyrrha, the beauty of the rich economy in the odes has attracted many suitors in many languages, whose attempts at translation were gathered into the volume Ad Pyrrham (1959) by Ronald Storrs. In 38 BCE Virgil and the poet Varius introduced Horace to Gaius Maecenas (died 8 BC), a wealthy equestrian descended from Etruscan nobility who was patron to the new generation of talented poets such as Virgil and, later, Propertius.