The Ultimate Dinosaur Encyclopedia

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Arbour, V. (2018). "Results roll in from the dinosaur renaissance". Science. 360 (6389): 611. Bibcode: 2018Sci...360..611A. doi: 10.1126/science.aat0451. S2CID 46887409. The largest carnivorous dinosaur was Spinosaurus, reaching a length of 12.6 to 18 meters (41 to 59ft), and weighing 7 to 20.9 metric tons (7.7 to 23.0 short tons). [152] [153] Other large carnivorous theropods included Giganotosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. [153] Therizinosaurus and Deinocheirus were among the tallest of the theropods. The largest ornithischian dinosaur was probably the hadrosaurid Shantungosaurus giganteus which measured 16.6 meters (54ft). [154] The largest individuals may have weighed as much as 16 metric tons (18 short tons). [155] Bell, P.R. (2014). "A review of hadrosaur skin impressions". In Eberth, D.; Evans, D. (eds.). The Hadrosaurs: Proceedings of the International Hadrosaur Symposium. Bloomington: Princeton University Press. pp.572–590. Eliason, C.M.; Hudson, L.; Watts, T.; Garza, H.; Clarke, J.A. (2017). "Exceptional preservation and the fossil record of tetrapod integument". Proceedings of the Royal Society

Wang S.C. and Dodson P. (2006). "Estimating the diversity of dinosaurs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 103 (37): 13601–13605. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10313601W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606028103. PMC 1564218. PMID 16954187.The extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous were caused by a catastrophic event: a massive meteorite hit the Earth (the Chicxulub impact). We now know where it hit: in the Yucantan peninsula in what is now Mexico. Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Parker, William G. (2007). "A critical re-evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Natural History Museum, London. 5 (2): 209–243. doi: 10.1017/S1477201907002040. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 28782207. Scholarly descriptions of what would now be recognized as dinosaur bones first appeared in the late 17th century in England. Part of a bone, now known to have been the femur of a Megalosaurus, [43] was recovered from a limestone quarry at Cornwell near Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, in 1676. The fragment was sent to Robert Plot, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and first curator of the Ashmolean Museum, who published a description in his The Natural History of Oxford-shire (1677). [44] He correctly identified the bone as the lower extremity of the femur of a large animal, and recognized that it was too large to belong to any known species. He, therefore, concluded it to be the femur of a huge human, perhaps a Titan or another type of giant featured in legends. [45] [46] Edward Lhuyd, a friend of Sir Isaac Newton, published Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia (1699), the first scientific treatment of what would now be recognized as a dinosaur when he described and named a sauropod tooth, " Rutellum impicatum", [47] [48] that had been found in Caswell, near Witney, Oxfordshire. [49] Sir Richard Owen's coining of the word dinosaur, in the 1842 revised version of his talk at an 1841 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. When dinosaurs appeared, they were not the dominant terrestrial animals. The terrestrial habitats were occupied by various types of archosauromorphs and therapsids, like cynodonts and rhynchosaurs. Their main competitors were the pseudosuchians, such as aetosaurs, ornithosuchids and rauisuchians, which were more successful than the dinosaurs. [118] Most of these other animals became extinct in the Triassic, in one of two events. First, at about 215million years ago, a variety of basal archosauromorphs, including the protorosaurs, became extinct. This was followed by the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (about 201million years ago), that saw the end of most of the other groups of early archosaurs, like aetosaurs, ornithosuchids, phytosaurs, and rauisuchians. Rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts survived (at least in some areas) at least as late as early –mid Norian and late Norian or earliest Rhaetian stages, respectively, [119] [120] and the exact date of their extinction is uncertain. These losses left behind a land fauna of crocodylomorphs, dinosaurs, mammals, pterosaurians, and turtles. [10] The first few lines of early dinosaurs diversified through the Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic, possibly by occupying the niches of the groups that became extinct. [12] Also notably, there was a heightened rate of extinction during the Carnian pluvial event. [121] Evolution and paleobiogeography The supercontinent Pangaea in the early Mesozoic (around 200 million years ago) Books about dinosaurs have been popular, especially with children, but adults have also enjoyed these kinds of books. In Edwardian times, Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a novel about a plateau filled with dinosaurs which he called The Lost World.

Paul, Gregory S., ed. (2000). The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs (1sted.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-26226-6. LCCN 2001269051. OCLC 45256074. Farlow J.O. and Brett-Surman M.K. (eds) 1997. The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33349-0 Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. 2007. Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7

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Alvarez, Walter (1997). T. rex and the Crater of Doom. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01630-6. LCCN 96049208. OCLC 1007846558 . Retrieved November 4, 2019.