Year of the Elephant: A Moroccan Woman's Journey Toward Independence (Modern Middle East Literature in Translation Series) (Modern Middle Eastern Literatures in Translation Series)

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Plotnik, J. M.; de Waal, F. B. M. & Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10317053P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0608062103. PMC 1636577. PMID 17075063. Mir, Mustansir (1986). Coherence in the Qur'an: a study of Islahi's concept of nazm in Tadabbur-i Qur'an. American Trust Publications. ISBN 978-0-89259-065-0.

War veteran elephant dies". BBC News. 26 February 2003. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2013. Hoare, B. (2009). Animal Migration: Remarkable Journeys in the Wild. University of California Press. pp.58–59. ISBN 978-0-520-25823-5. In this Surah, God's punishment which was inflicted on the people of the elephant is referred to and described very briefly because it was an event of recent occurrence, and everyone in Makkah and Arabia was fully aware of it. That is why the Arabs believed that the Ka'bah was protected in this invasion, not by any god or goddess, but by God Almighty Himself. Then God alone was invoked by the Quraysh chiefs for help, and for quite a few years the people of Quraysh, having been impressed by this event, had worshiped none but God. Therefore, there was no need to mention the details in Surah Al-Feel, but only a reference to it was enough. [32] Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (b. 1951), a well-known Pakistani Muslim theologian, Quran scholar and exegete, and educationist, explains the theme of Surah Al-Fil is to inform the Quraysh that the God – Who routed His enemies in this manner before them – will also not spare them now that they too have shown enmity to Him. They will also be devastated in a similar manner. [33] Coherence with adjacent surahs [ edit ]

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Lujan, E. R.; Bernabe, A. "Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts". Kosmos. Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021 . Retrieved 22 January 2013.

O'Connell-Rodwell C. E.; Arnason, B.; Hart, L. A. (2000). "Seismic properties of Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus) vocalizations and locomotion". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 108 (6): 3066–3072. Bibcode: 2000ASAJ..108.3066O. doi: 10.1121/1.1323460. PMID 11144599. Vaughan, T.; Ryan, J.; Czaplewski, N. (2011). Mammalogy. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p.136. ISBN 978-0763762995.Narrated by Miswar bin Makhrama and Marwan I (whose narrations attest each other) [50] that: God's Messenger set out at the time of Treaty of Hudaybiyyah... (at a place) The she-camel of the Prophet (ﷺ) sat down. The people tried their best to cause the she-camel to get up but in vain, so they said, "Al-Qaswa' (i.e. the she-camel's name) has become stubborn! Al-Qaswa' has become stubborn!" The Prophet said, "Al-Qaswa' has not become stubborn, for stubbornness is not her habit, but she was stopped by Him Who stopped the elephant." Then he said, "By the Name of Him in Whose Hands my soul is, if they (i.e. the Quraish infidels) ask me anything which will respect the ordinances of God, I will grant it to them." The Prophet then rebuked the she-camel and she got up.... [51]

Approaches to the Asian Classics, Irene Bloom, Wm Theodore de Bary, Columbia University Press, 1990, p. 65 ISBN 0-231-07005-5, 9780231070058 Romano, Marco; Manucci, Fabio; Palombo, Maria Rita (4 March 2021). "The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass estimate and in-vivo restoration of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon ex gr. P. falconeri from Spinagallo Cave (Sicily)". Historical Biology. 33 (3): 340–353. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2019.1617289. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 181855906. In the titular novella the protagonist, Zahra, has just returned to her hometown after being divorced by her husband for being too traditional and unable to keep up with his modern way of life. Rensch, B. (1957). "The intelligence of elephants". Scientific American. 196 (2): 44–49. Bibcode: 1957SciAm.196b..44R. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0257-44. a b Huggler, J. (12 October 2006). "Animal Behaviour: Rogue Elephants". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2007.

Al-Islam, Thiqatu (2015). Al-Kafi (Seconded.). New York: Islamic Seminary Inc. p.457. ISBN 978-0-9914308-6-4. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. H. Saegusa, H. Nakaya, Y. Kunimatsu, M. Nakatsukasa, H. Tsujikawa, Y. Sawada, M. Saneyoshi, T. Sakai Earliest elephantid remains from the late Miocene locality, Nakali, Kenya Scientific Annals, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece VIth International Conference on Mammoths and Their Relatives, vol. 102, Grevena -Siatista, special volume (2014), p. 175 Martin, E. B. "The Rise and Fall of the Ivory Market". Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild. pp.202–207. McNeely, J. A. "Elephants in Folklore, Religion and Art". Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild. pp.158–165. The birth of El Imam Ali related to the year of the elephant". balaghah.net . Retrieved 24 July 2018.

Under poaching pressure, elephants are evolving to lose their tusks". National Geographic. 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021 . Retrieved 28 October 2021. Elephants Evolve Smaller Tusks Due to Poaching". Environmental News Network. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2012. The church gained widespread fame, even gaining the notice of the Byzantines. [1] The pagan Arabs of the time had their own center of religious worship and pilgrimage in Mecca, the Kaaba. [1] Abraha then proceeded to attempt to divert their pilgrimage to his new cathedral and is reported to have appointed and sent a Muhammad Khuza'i to Mecca and the Hijaz as a king with a message that his church was both much better than their house of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols. [1] McNeely, J. A. "Elephants as Beasts of Burden". Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild. pp.149–150. Munro-Hay dates his death to some time after 553 based on the inscription at Murayghän. [1] Islamic tradition places his death immediately after his expedition to Mecca. He was succeeded on the throne by two of his sons, Yaksum and Masruq, whose mother was Raihäna, a Yemenite noblewoman whom Abraha had abducted from her husband. [8]a b c d e f g Shoshani, J. (1998). "Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (12): 480–487. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01491-8. PMID 21238404. a b Harper, D. "Elephant". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2012. Males (bulls) leave their family groups when they reach puberty and may live alone or with other males. Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate. They enter a state of increased testosterone and aggression known as musth, which helps them gain dominance over other males as well as reproductive success. Calves are the centre of attention in their family groups and rely on their mothers for as long as three years. Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild. They communicate by touch, sight, smell, and sound; elephants use infrasound and seismic communication over long distances. Elephant intelligence has been compared with that of primates and cetaceans. They appear to have self-awareness, and possibly show concern for dying and dead individuals of their kind. Kurt, F.; Hartl, G.; Tiedemann, R. (1995). "Tuskless bulls in Asian elephant Elephas maximus. History and population genetics of a man-made phenomenon". Acta Theriol. 40: 125–144. doi: 10.4098/at.arch.95-51. Rubin, Uri (June 1, 2009). "Abraha". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE– via referenceworks.brillonline.com.