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Carnahan RM, Lund BC, Perry PJ, ET AL. (2006) The Anticholinergic Drug Scale as a measure of drug-related anticholinergic burden: associations with serum anticholinergic activity . J Clin Pharmacol. doi: 10.1177/0091270006292126. Kersten H, Wyller TB. Anticholinergic drug burden in older people's brain - how well is it measured? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;114(2):151–9. Agar M, Currow D, Plummer J, Seidel R, Carnahan R, Abernethy A. Changes in anticholinergic load from regular prescribed medications in palliative care as death approaches. Palliat Med. 2009;23(3):257–65. Boustani M, Campbell N, Munger S, et al. (2008) Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: A review and practical application. Future Medicine. doi: 10.2217/1745509X.4.3.311

Drug use among 15 year olds has risen over the past 5 years. In 2018, 38% of 15 year olds in England, and 21% of 15 year olds in Scotland, said that they had ever used drugs. Fox C, Livingston G, Maidment ID, Coulton S, Smithard DG, Boustani M, et al. The impact of anticholinergic burden in Alzheimer's dementia-the LASER-AD study. Age Ageing. 2011;40(6):730–5. While this is the first comparable survey data with pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic data, they are not National Statistics and caution must be taken when using these data. The CSEW statistics presented in this release are based on nine months of data collection between October 2021 and June 2022, rather than the normal 12-month interview period and are based on a lower response rate, which may affect the quality of the estimates. Significance testing has been conducted to compare estimates for the year ending June 2022 with year ending March 2020, year ending March 2012 (ten-year comparison) and year ending December 1995 (earliest data available) to understand trends over time where possible. Other comparison years have been used where these data are not available. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.Substances such as mephedrone, spice, GBL or GHB, salvia and other emerging substances are collectively known as new psychoactive substances (NPS), often previously referred to as "legal highs". These substances are usually intended to mimic the effects of "traditional" drugs such as cannabis, ecstasy, or cocaine and can come in different forms such as herbal mixtures that are smoked, powders, crystals, tablets, or liquids. Frequent drug user

Drug misuse data included in this release are sourced from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW). Our User guide to crime statistics for England and Wales provides detailed information about the crime survey.Lechevallier-Michel N, Molimard M, Dartigues JF, Fabrigoule C, Fourrier-Reglat A. Drugs with anticholinergic properties and cognitive performance in the elderly: results from the PAQUID Study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59(2):143–51.