My Living World LW101 Interplay ANT World, Single, Mixed

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Peeters C, Hölldobler B, Moffett M, Musthak Ali TM (1994). " "Wall-papering" and elaborate nest architecture in the ponerine ant Harpegnathos saltator". Insectes Sociaux. 41 (2): 211–218. doi: 10.1007/BF01240479. S2CID 41870857. Ross KG, Krieger MJ, Shoemaker DD (December 2003). "Alternative genetic foundations for a key social polymorphism in fire ants". Genetics. 165 (4): 1853–1867. doi: 10.1093/genetics/165.4.1853. PMC 1462884. PMID 14704171.Most ants are univoltine, producing a new generation each year. [73] During the species-specific breeding period, winged females and winged males, known to entomologists as alates, leave the colony in what is called a nuptial flight. The nuptial flight usually takes place in the late spring or early summer when the weather is hot and humid. Heat makes flying easier and freshly fallen rain makes the ground softer for mated queens to dig nests. [74] Males typically take flight before the females. Males then use visual cues to find a common mating ground, for example, a landmark such as a pine tree to which other males in the area converge. Males secrete a mating pheromone that females follow. Males will mount females in the air, but the actual mating process usually takes place on the ground. Females of some species mate with just one male but in others they may mate with as many as ten or more different males, storing the sperm in their spermathecae. [75] In Cardiocondyla elegans, workers may transport newly emerged queens to other conspecific nests where wingless males from unrelated colonies can mate with them, a behavioural adaptation that may reduce the chances of inbreeding. [76] Fertilised meat-eater ant queen beginning to dig a new colony The largest ant colony in the world is the Argentine super colony, which measures 3,730 miles (6,004 km) in length. The colony stretches from near the city of A Coruna, Spain to near Genoa, on Italy’s coast. Jones, Alice S. "Fantastic ants – Did you know?". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 5 July 2008. Some ants have toxic venom and are of medical importance. The species include Paraponera clavata (tocandira) and Dinoponera spp. (false tocandiras) of South America [195] and the Myrmecia ants of Australia. [196]

Cushing PE (1997). "Myrmecomorphy and myrmecophily in spiders: A Review" (PDF). The Florida Entomologist. 80 (2): 165–193. doi: 10.2307/3495552. JSTOR 3495552. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. I was amazed that the ants’ biomass was higher than that of wild mammals and birds combined, and that it reaches 20% of the human biomass. That gives you an understanding of the scale of their impact,” said insect ecologist and study co-lead author Sabine Nooten, also of the University of Würzburg and University of Hong Kong. Carpenter ants (Camponotus ligniperda) are widespread around the world and get their name from their ability to build their nests in wood, often chewing their way through it until they have hollowed out a section to build in. Although they prefer dead wood they often build their nests in houses which can seriously compromise the structure of the building, which is the reason why they are commonly classed as a pest. Wilson EO, Taylor RW (1964). "A Fossil Ant Colony: New Evidence of Social Antiquity" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 71 (2): 93–103. doi: 10.1155/1964/17612. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

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Roces F, Hölldobler B (1996). "Use of stridulation in foraging leaf-cutting ants: Mechanical support during cutting or short-range recruitment signal?". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 39 (5): 293–299. doi: 10.1007/s002650050292. S2CID 32884747.