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Tornado: In the Eye of the Storm

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Velden, Christopher S.; Olander, Timothy L.; Zehr, Raymond M. (1998). "Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Digital Geostationary Satellite Infrared Imagery". Weather and Forecasting. 13 (1): 172–173. Bibcode: 1998WtFor..13..172V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.531.6629. doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0172:DOAOST>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 913230.

Rozoff, Christopher M.; Schubert, Wayne H.; McNoldy, Brian D.; Kossin, James P. (2006). "Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 63 (1): 325–340. Bibcode: 2006JAtS...63..325R. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.510.1034. doi: 10.1175/JAS3595.1. S2CID 18592760. Golden, Joseph (2007-11-01). "Waterspouts are tornadoes over water". USA Today . Retrieved 2007-05-19. The stadium effect is a phenomenon observed in strong tropical cyclones. It is a fairly common event, where the clouds of the eyewall curve outward from the surface with height. This gives the eye an appearance resembling a sports stadium from the air. An eye is always larger at the top of the storm, and smallest at the bottom of the storm because the rising air in the eyewall follows isolines of equal angular momentum, which also slope outward with height. [23] [24] [25] Eye-like features [ edit ]There is some disagreement over the definition of a funnel cloud and a condensation funnel. According to the Glossary of Meteorology, a funnel cloud is any rotating cloud pendant from a cumulus or cumulonimbus, and thus most tornadoes are included under this definition. [22] Among many meteorologists, the 'funnel cloud' term is strictly defined as a rotating cloud which is not associated with strong winds at the surface, and condensation funnel is a broad term for any rotating cloud below a cumuliform cloud. [5] Spotters usually are trained by the NWS on behalf of their respective organizations, and report to them. The organizations activate public warning systems such as sirens and the Emergency Alert System (EAS), and they forward the report to the NWS. [107]

The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of a tropical cyclone. The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area, typically 30–65 kilometers (19–40 miles) in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds of the cyclone occur. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm. [1]

Doswell, Charles A. III. "The Tri-State Tornado of 18 March 1925". Reanalysis Project. Archived from the original (Powerpoint Presentation) on 2007-06-14 . Retrieved 2007-04-07. Though only tropical cyclones have structures officially termed "eyes", there are other weather systems that can exhibit eye-like features. [1] [32] Polar lows [ edit ] Tornadoes emit widely on the acoustics spectrum and the sounds are caused by multiple mechanisms. Various sounds of tornadoes have been reported, mostly related to familiar sounds for the witness and generally some variation of a whooshing roar. Popularly reported sounds include a freight train, rushing rapids or waterfall, a nearby jet engine, or combinations of these. Many tornadoes are not audible from much distance; the nature of and the propagation distance of the audible sound depends on atmospheric conditions and topography. [5]

Dotzek, Nikolai; Grieser, Jürgen; Brooks, Harold E. (2003-03-01). "Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions". Atmos. Res. 67: 163–87. Bibcode: 2003AtmRe..67..163D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.490.4573. doi: 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00050-4. A moat in a tropical cyclone is a clear ring outside the eyewall, or between concentric eyewalls, characterized by subsidence (slowly sinking air) and little or no precipitation. The air flow in the moat is dominated by the cumulative effects of stretching and shearing. The moat between eyewalls is an area in the storm where the rotational speed of the air changes greatly in proportion to the distance from the storm's center; these areas are also known as rapid filamentation zones. Such areas can potentially be found near any vortex of sufficient strength, but are most pronounced in strong tropical cyclones. [16] Eyewall mesovortices [ edit ] Mesovortices visible in the eye of Hurricane Emilia in 1994 The International Fujita (IF) Scale Tornado and Wind Damage Assessment Guide" (PDF). ESSL.org. European Severe Storms Laboratory . Retrieved 26 June 2022. Research programs, including field projects such as the VORTEX projects (Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment), deployment of TOTO (the TOtable Tornado Observatory), Doppler on Wheels (DOW), and dozens of other programs, hope to solve many questions that still plague meteorologists. [47] Universities, government agencies such as the National Severe Storms Laboratory, private-sector meteorologists, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research are some of the organizations very active in research; with various sources of funding, both private and public, a chief entity being the National Science Foundation. [112] [139] The pace of research is partly constrained by the number of observations that can be taken; gaps in information about the wind, pressure, and moisture content throughout the local atmosphere; and the computing power available for simulation. [140] That day, my dad looked up into the great whooshing whirlwind of a tornado. He looked it right in its eye. My dad and his friend saw the eye of the tornado and lived to tell the tale.

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National Snow and Ice Data Center. "Polar Lows". Archived from the original on 2013-02-04 . Retrieved 2007-01-24. About Waterspouts". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007-01-04 . Retrieved 2009-12-13.

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