STANLEY Cross 90 Cross Line Green Beam Laser Level STHT77592-1

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Stan Cross thought his future was secured with the Smith’s Weekly position so he asked his West Australian sweetheart Jessie May Hamilton to come and join him in Sydney. She was 25 years old and worked as a clerk and they were married in Bondi Junction in 1924. Stan and Jessie had two children; Lorraine, born in 1927 and Stephen, born in 1935. Historians were all too eager to think that cliometric techniques had led Fogel and Engerman to what historians saw as outlandish conclusions. Perhaps for this reason, cliometricians felt some duty to defend the cliometric methodology and came down harder on the authors, questioning the quality of Fogel and Engerman’s data, analysis and interpretation. Sutch’s work on the material treatment of slaves, was a detailed attempt to replicate the results of Fogel and Engerman and he “found so many errors of computation or citation, data so selective or weak, and the presentation of the results so distorted that I have been forced to conclude that Time on the Cross is a failure” (1975, p. 339) But it was not a failure of the cliometric methodology; “the fault must lie with the authors.” In Sutch’s view, “quantitative methods can help in producing a more accurate and complete portrayal of slavery” (1975, p. 429).

Royal Navy personnel and Royal Marine officers ‘Honour Sheets’ 1914-1920 in ADM 171/78-88. They give name, rank, award or honour, date of the London Gazette, and service with dates. Stan Cross retired in 1970 and the artist Carl Lyon continued the strip. Stan Cross was an imposing figure, standing 6’ 2” tall. He wore spectacles, enjoyed conversation on politics with colleagues and had the curious hobbies of economics, accountancy and English Grammar. He wrote extensively on grammar, but never published. He also participated in soil conservation on his sheep property in Guyra in New South Wales, not far from Armidale. His son Stephen managed the property where they discovered and mined tin and sapphires. ADM 116, ADM 171, AIR 1, AIR 2/5010 (for 1943-1944), AIR 2/5867 (for 1944-1946), AIR 30, CAB 10, PMG 35 or WO 32. For1935-1990 see the online copies of WO 373, recommendations for military honours and awards. Consult the Victoria Cross register (WO 98/8) online or the alphabetical list of recipients of the Victoria Cross, August 1914 to October 1920 in WO 98/6.

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Lists of Victoria Cross recipients announced in The Gazette for the First World War in 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918and 1919. The Falklands offer perfect opportunities for professional and amateur photographers, with stunning scenery and amazing animal antics easy to capture. Ever-changing landscapes provide specialists with a range of photographic opportunities. A true escape ADM 171, AIR 1, PMG 34, PMG 36, WO 3, WO 32, WO 146and WO 391. For 1935-1990 see the online copies of WO 373, recommendations for military honours and awards.

Other revisionist claims were provocative. Could slave agriculture possibly be more efficient than free? Was the family the basic unit of social organization under slavery? Was the material condition of slaves as favorable as that of free industrial workers? Was the rate of exploitation or expropriation really that small? Did southern per capita income increase faster than that in the rest of the nation? The slave-based, monocultural agricultural system of the South was Douglass North’s archetypal example of an economy that was not going to be successful. Did he get it all wrong?

Timeline

Thomas Haskell. “The True and Tragical History of ‘Time on the Cross.’ The New York Review of Books (October, 1975): 33-39. Robert Fogel, et al. Without Consent or Contract: Evidence and Methods. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992. Alfred Conrad and John Meyer. “The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South.” Journal of Political Economy 66 (1958): 95-130.

Peter Passel. “An Economic Analysis of that Peculiarly Economic Institution.” New York Times Book Review (April 28, 1974): 4. ADM 1, ADM 116, ADM 171, AIR 2 (1), MT 9 or PREM 2. For1935-1990 see the online copies of WO 373, recommendations for military honours and awards. Claudia Goldin. “The Economics of Urban Slavery: 1820 to 1860,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1972, subsequently published as Urban Slavery in the American South, 1820-1860: A Quantitative History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.Kenneth Stampp. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Antebellum South. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1956.