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Wilson, D. W., et al. (2017). The role of food antioxidants, benefits of functional foods, and influence of feeding habits on the health of the older person: An overview. A pathological N category is not required for T1 melanomas. In such cases, clinical N information may be used. Bhoumik A, Jones N, Ronai Z (March 2004). "Transcriptional switch by activating transcription factor 2-derived peptide sensitizes melanoma cells to apoptosis and inhibits their tumorigenicity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (12): 4222–7. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..101.4222B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400195101. PMC 384722. PMID 15010535.

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Melanin also has protective effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS). These are byproducts of cellular processes within the body. a b c d e f "Melanoma Risk factors". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017. Soura E, Eliades PJ, Shannon K, Stratigos AJ, Tsao H (March 2016). "Hereditary melanoma: Update on syndromes and management: Genetics of familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 74 (3): 395–407, quiz 408–410. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.038. PMC 4761105. PMID 26892650. As an alternative to surgery, depending on where the melanoma is and your overall health for surgery, your doctor might recommend treatment with a cream called imiquimod which you apply on the affected area.Budden T, Bowden NA (January 2013). "The role of altered nucleotide excision repair and UVB-induced DNA damage in melanomagenesis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (1): 1132–51. doi: 10.3390/ijms14011132. PMC 3565312. PMID 23303275. Four or more, at least one of which was clinically detected, or the presence of any number of matted nodes

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Fair- and red-haired people, persons with multiple atypical nevi or dysplastic nevi and persons born with giant congenital melanocytic nevi are at increased risk. [38]Radiation therapy is often used after surgical resection for patients with locally or regionally advanced melanoma or for patients with un-resectable distant metastases. Kilovoltage x-ray beams are often used for these treatments and have the property of the maximum radiation dose occurring close to the skin surface. [142] It may reduce the rate of local recurrence but does not prolong survival. [143] Radioimmunotherapy of metastatic melanoma is currently under investigation. Rünger TM, Farahvash B, Hatvani Z, Rees A (January 2012). "Comparison of DNA damage responses following equimutagenic doses of UVA and UVB: a less effective cell cycle arrest with UVA may render UVA-induced pyrimidine dimers more mutagenic than UVB-induced ones". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 11 (1): 207–15. doi: 10.1039/c1pp05232b. PMID 22005748. S2CID 25209863. Yeh I, Botton T, Talevich E, Shain AH, Sparatta AJ, de la Fouchardiere A, etal. (May 2015). "Activating MET kinase rearrangements in melanoma and Spitz tumours". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 7174. Bibcode: 2015NatCo...6.7174Y. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8174. PMC 4446791. PMID 26013381. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( link) In January 2014, the FDA approved the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib for the treatment of people with BRAF V600E/K-mutant metastatic melanoma. [181] In June 2018, the FDA approved the combination of a BRAF inhibitor encorafenib and a MEK inhibitor binimetinib for the treatment of un-resectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation. [182]

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Some histopathological types of melanoma are inherently invasive, including nodular melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma, where the in situ counterpart to lentigo maligna melanoma is lentigo maligna. [85] Lentigo maligna is sometimes classified as a very early melanoma, [86] and sometimes a precursor to melanoma. [87]Perkins A, Duffy RL (June 2015). "Atypical moles: diagnosis and management". American Family Physician. 91 (11): 762–7. PMID 26034853. Melanin is a substance in the skin that produces skin pigmentation. Scientists have identified three forms of melanin in humans:

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The EFG of Nodular Melanomas | MoleMap New Zealand". The EFG of Nodular Melanomas | MoleMap New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019 . Retrieved 1 February 2019. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests are often used to screen for metastases, although many patients with metastases (even end-stage) have a normal LDH; extraordinarily high LDH often indicates the metastatic spread of the disease to the liver. Cytokine therapies used for melanoma include IFN-a and IL-2. [134]IL-2 ( Proleukin) was the first new therapy approved (1990 EU, 1992 US) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma in 20 years. [135] IL-2 may offer the possibility of a complete and long-lasting remission in this disease in a small percentage of people with melanoma. [136]Intralesional IL-2 for in-transit metastases has a high complete response rate ranging from 40 to 100%. [129]Similarly, IFN-a has shown only modest survival benefits and high toxicity, limiting its use as a stand-alone therapy. [124] [134] Fiddler IJ (October 1995). "Melanoma Metastasis". Cancer Control. 2 (5): 398–404. doi: 10.1177/107327489500200503. PMID 10862180. Melanomas diagnosed in the US per 100,000 people in 2018. [154] Melanomas affect white people much more often than people in any other racial or ethnic classification.There is not enough definitive evidence to adequately stage, and thus give a prognosis for, ocular melanoma and melanoma of soft parts, or mucosal melanoma (e.g., rectal melanoma), although these tend to metastasize more easily. Even though regression may increase survival, when a melanoma has regressed, it is impossible to know its original size and thus the original tumor is often worse than a pathology report might indicate. a b c d American Academy of Dermatology (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Academy of Dermatology, archived from the original on 1 December 2013 , retrieved 5 December 2013 , which cites: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer International Publishing; 2017:563‐585). Mohs surgery has been done with cure rate reported to be as low as 77%, [109] and as high as 95% by another author. [110] The "double scalpel" peripheral margin controlled excision method approximates the Mohs method in margin control, but requires a pathologist intimately familiar with the complexity of managing the vertical margin on the thin peripheral sections and staining methods. [141] Campbell CD, Chong JX, Malig M, Ko A, Dumont BL, Han L, etal. (November 2012). "Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population". Nature Genetics. 44 (11): 1277–81. doi: 10.1038/ng.2418. PMC 3483378. PMID 23001126. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( link)