Morning Glory Milking Farm (Cambric Creek: Sweet & Steamy Monster Romance Book 1)

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Hermon-Taylor, John (14 July 2009). "Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Crohn's disease and the Doomsday scenario". Gut Pathogens. BioMed Central. 1 (15): 15. doi: 10.1186/1757-4749-1-15. PMC 2718892. PMID 19602288. West, J.W. (2003). "Effects of Heat-Stress on Production in Dairy Cattle". Journal of Dairy Science. 86 (6): 2131–2144. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X. PMID 12836950. Milk is also processed by various drying processes into powders. Whole milk, skim milk, buttermilk, and whey products are dried into a powder form and used for human and animal consumption. The main difference between production of powders for human or for animal consumption is in the protection of the process and the product from contamination. Some people drink milk reconstituted from powdered milk, because milk is about 88% water and it is much cheaper to transport the dried product. Kumis is produced commercially in Central Asia. Although traditionally made from mare's milk, modern industrial variants may use cow's milk.

Milk producing animals have been domesticated for thousands of years. Initially, they were part of the subsistence farming that nomads engaged in. As the community moved about the country, their animals accompanied them. Protecting and feeding the animals were a major part of the symbiotic relationship between the animals and the herders. David J. Wolfson (1996). Beyond the law: Agribusiness and the systemic abuse of animals raised for food or food production. Animal L., 2, 123. http://nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/bibarticles/wolfson_beyond.pd [ permanent dead link] a b c "Cooperatives in the Dairy Industry". Cooperative Information, Report 1, Section 16 (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2010. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource referenceMost dairy producers aim for a replacement heifer to give birth to her first calf, and thus join the milking herd, on her second birthday. As the cow's gestation period is a little over 9 months this means the cow must be inseminated by the age of 15 months. Because the breeding process is inefficient, most producers aim to first breed their heifers between 12 and 14 months. Before a heifer can be bred she must reach sexual maturity and attain the proper body condition to successfully bear a calf. Puberty in cattle depends largely on weight among other factors. [17] Holstein heifers reach puberty at an average body weight between 550 and 650 lbs. [17] Smaller breeds of cattle, such as Jerseys, usually reach puberty earlier at a lighter weight. [18] Under typical nutritional conditions, Holstein heifers will reach puberty at the age 9–10 months. Proper body condition for breeding is also largely judged by weight. At about 800lbs Holstein heifers will normally be able to carry a healthy calf and give birth with relative ease. [17] In this way, the heifers will be able to give birth and join the milking herd before their second birthday. [18] Estrous cycle [ edit ]

In cows, a complete estrous cycle lasts 21 days. Most commonly, dairy producers discuss the estrous cycle as beginning when the cow is receptive to breeding. This short phase lasting only about a day is also known as estrus or colloquially, heat. The cow will often exhibit several behavioral changes during this phase including increased activity and vocalizations. Most importantly, during estrus she will stand still when mounted by another cow or bull. [18] Mating and pregnancy [ edit ]

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Milk replacers are classified by three categories: protein source, protein/fat (energy) levels, and medication or additives (e.g. vitamins and minerals). [38] Proteins for the milk replacer come from different sources; the more favorable and more expensive [39] all milk protein (e.g. whey protein- a by-product of the cheese industry) and alternative proteins including soy, animal plasma and wheat gluten. [38] The ideal levels for fat and protein in milk replacer are 10-28% and 18-30%, respectively. [38]

Worldwide, leading dairy industries in many countries including India, the United States, China, and New Zealand serve as important producers, exporters, and importers of milk. Since the late 20th century, there has generally been an increase in total milk production worldwide, with around 827,884,000 tonnes of milk being produced in 2017 according to the FAO.Joseph Gallo Dies". Merced Sun-Star. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2008. Recognising our built heritage". Waikato District Council. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018. There is a great deal of variation in the pattern of dairy production worldwide. Many countries which are large producers consume most of this internally, while others (in particular New Zealand), export a large percentage of their production. Internal consumption is often in the form of liquid milk, while the bulk of international trade is in processed dairy products such as milk powder. [ citation needed] Although any mammal can produce milk, commercial dairy farms are typically one-species enterprises. In developed countries, dairy farms typically consist of high producing dairy cows. Other species used in commercial dairy farming include goats, sheep, water buffaloes, and camels. In Italy, donkey dairies are growing in popularity to produce an alternative milk source for human infants. [1] History [ edit ] Milking cattle in ancient Egypt This daily milking routine goes on for about 300 to 320 days per year that the cow stays in milk. Some small herds are milked once a day for about the last 20 days of the production cycle but this is not usual for large herds. If a cow is left unmilked just once she is likely to reduce milk-production almost immediately and the rest of the season may see her dried off (giving no milk) and still consuming feed. However, once-a-day milking is now being practised more widely in New Zealand for profit and lifestyle reasons. This is effective because the fall in milk yield is at least partially offset by labour and cost savings from milking once per day. This compares to some intensive farm systems in the United States that milk three or more times per day due to higher milk yields per cow and lower marginal labour costs.