Janeway's Immunobiology

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Lymphocytes proliferate in response to antigen in peripheral lymphoid organs, generating effector cells and immunological memory Effector T-cell interactions with target cells are initiated by antigennonspecific cell-adhesion molecules Bacterial peptides, mediators of inflammatory responses, and chemokines signal through members of the seven-transmembrane-domain, trimeric G protein-coupled receptor family The peripheral lymphoid organs are specialized to trap antigen, to allow the initiation of adaptive immune responses, and to provide signals that sustain recirculating lymphocytes Newly synthesized MHC class I molecules are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum until they bind peptide

T cells specific for self antigens can cause direct tissue injury and have a role in sustained autoantibody responses Innocuous antigens can cause type II hypersensitivity reactions in susceptible individuals by binding to the surfaces of circulating blood cells

Binding of the T-cell receptor complex directs the release of effector molecules and focuses them on the target cell Activation of specialized antigen-presenting cells is a necessary first step for induction of adaptive immunity Transport proteins that bind to the Fc regions of antibodies carry particular isotypes across epithelial barriers The development of transplantable tumors in mice led to the discovery that mice could mount a protective immune response against tumors In MHC-identical grafts, rejection is caused by peptides from other alloantigens bound to graft MHC molecules

The two classes of MHCmolecule have distinct subunit structures but similar three-dimensional structures. / 3-15 Peptides are stably bound to MHC molecules, and also serve to stabilize the MHC molecule on the cell surface Downstream events are mediated by proteins that associate with the phosphorylated tyrosines and bind to and activate other proteins This activity was later determined to be due to the proteins we now call antibodies, which bind specifically to the toxins and neutralize their activity. Proliferating T cells differentiate into armed effector T cells that do not require co-stimulation to act

Several lymphocyte subpopulations and ‘natural antibodies’ behave like intermediates between adaptive and innate immunity

Repeated immunizations lead to increasing affinity of antibody owing to somatic hypermutation and selection by antigen in germinal centers In the absence of inflammatory stimuli, the normal response of the mucosal immune system to foreign antigens is tolerance Cyclosporin A, FK506 (tacrolimus), and rapamycin (sirolimus) are powerful immunosuppressive agents that interfere with T-cell signalingThe invariant chain directs newly synthesized MHC class II molecules to acidified intracellular vesicles Understanding adaptive immune responses is important for the control of allergies, autoimmune disease, and organ graft rejection Sophisticated means of host defense were hard-wired in the genome by the time organisms diverged into plants and animals The 9th edition also includes updates on recent developments in multiple immunology subfields. Notably, the section on innate immunity has added a discussion of immune effector modules, which are critical to understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal infection, and several other diseases. The section on therapeutics now contains a discussion of chimeric antigen receptors, an active and important area of cancer immunotherapy research. A particularly significant feature of this edition is an overhaul of the end-of-chapter questions and the addition of an instructors’ question bank. The 9th edition replaces the handful of often open-ended review questions at the end of each chapter with multiple-choice and true-false questions, providing an easier avenue for instructors to test the material.