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Some infections require injectable antibiotics that your vet must prescribe. “Pen-G” or “Combi-Pen” are injectable antibiotics sometimes used in bunnies. DO NOT push any antibiotic up into the fresh needle before you inject (e.g., don’t ‘get the air bubble out’ with the new needle on the syringe). The goal here is to keep the liquid out of the needle until it’s time for it to go into your bunny. This can help keep the needle from clogging. The subject of intentional breeding or meat rabbits is prohibited. The answers provided on this board are for general guideline purposes only. The information is not intended to diagnose or treat your pet. It is your responsibility to assess the information being given and seek professional advice/second opinion from your veterinarian and/or qualified behaviorist.
My mom noticed my boy sneezing a bit, and decided to make a vet appointment for the morning, where he’ll probably be prescribed baytril and it’ll clear for a while. To influence the gastrointestinal tract, probiotics should also be excellent in adapting to acidic conditions in the stomach and in bile salt in the duodenum. Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice can kill bacteria in food to ensure the safety of the stomach and intestines and activate pepsin for digestion. It has also been reported that good bile tolerance benefits colonization in the host’s gastrointestinal tract ( 25). Maintaining a high survival rate in acid and bile salt tolerance tests means that an effective number of live bacteria will enter the intestinal tracts and successfully play a role. After overnight incubation, the Bacillus cultures were examined microscopically, and no more than 5% of free spores were observed. Therefore, the remarkable resistance of five B. subtilis strains to gastric intestinal juice and bile salt conditions can not be due to the presence of spores. Bacillus sp. can produce certain essential nutrients and extracellular enzymes, as well as provide necessary growth factors to promote host growth ( 5). BG5 and BGY12 had good performance in the protease activities. BYS2, BQ3, and BD17 appeared to inhibit pathogenic bacteria, and, of course, all five strains showed no antibiotic resistance. On the other hand, strain that does not have any probiotic activity or killed cells can not produce digestive enzymes, vitamins, and antibacterial substances, which were produced by probiotic. Based on these reasons, we speculated that strains without probiotic activity and killed cells have no significant effects on growth performance, intestinal flora and disease resistance. A prebiotic, consisting of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and acacia (Gum arabic), to feed and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, the five B. subtilis that were selected for in vitro experiment showed good probiotic potential in rabbits. Enhancing the disease resistance of rabbits fed with B. subtilis may due to the probiotic’s influence on the improved growth performance, serum immunoglobulin, immune organ index, intestinal homeostasis, and immune response of rabbits, as well as its antibacterial benefits. The data from this study enhance the understanding of the mechanism of action between probiotics and the host, allowing for the development of probiotic-based strategies to prevent pathogenic infection. Author Contributions The live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CNCM I-4407) 4b1702 to help repopulate the intestine with beneficial micro-organisms.The first product the doctor recommended is Florentero paste. It comes in a tube, and I’m not quite sure how they recommend getting it down a rabbit’s throat, but our big voracious rex who eats pretty darn everything would not eat the stuff. Even when we tried mixing it with pumpkin baby food or mashed bananas, she just thumped and hopped away. Probiotics are also not a one and done fix. To sustain benefits once the appropriate probiotic is identified, the animal must consume the probiotic regularly. Probiotics could have a role in rabbit weight gain and in the capacity of the animals to assimilate the nutritional value of the feedstuffs and positively convert them into body mass. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) could be positively affected by probiotic metabolisms that might contribute to a better use of feeds, as also metabolised probiotic cells could be part of the assimilated nutrition. It is important to introduce dietary changes slowly to allow the gut to adjust. We recommend gradually building up to the required amount of over 7 days.
Gently pull your rabbit’s cheeks/lips upward, being VERY careful to keep your fingers away from the front of your rabbit’s face. That’s where his or her very sharp teeth are! ReguTum™ Fibre & Probiotic Care has been developed to provide rabbits with digestive support in a range of situations. Our goal is to help you with their long-term digestive tract health, minimise dietary related upset and avoid associated complications. It is a perfect supplement to help the hindgut function as intended when fed with a forage based diet, rich in fibre and a variety of fresh leafy greens. In general, probiotic properties are evaluated in vitro by testing their antimicrobial potential, ability to adhere to the host’s intestinal mucin, and resistance to the gastrointestinal environment. Meanwhile, other probiotic properties, expressed in vivo, are more difficult to be evaluated, such as the ability to stimulate the development of the intestinal immune system and the ability to regulate intestinal innate immune and inflammation homeostasis. We usually mix a teaspoon of them with the 1/8 cup of Oxbow Bunny Basics with Timothy she gets every other day. The good news is that she and her partner, Ryan, love the flavor. They are as crazy for them as they are for their pellets. I think if we gave Priscilla all the pellets she wanted, she’d explode like the fat guy in the Monty Python sketch. But don’t worry. We are pretty strict about limiting our big girl to only 1/4 cup per day. The EU legislation does not report a definition of probiotics but particularly the Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 establishes the additives for use in animal nutrition and included the microorganism as “feed additives” and established the conditions for authorisation. Among the conditions, the Regulation reports the capacity of feed additives “to affect favourably animal production, performance or welfare, particularly by affecting the gastro-intestinal flora or digestibility of feeding stuffs”. The same Regulation establishes the conditions to obtain the authorisation for the use of feed additives. The request for authorisation must be sent to the European Commission that forwards the application to the European Food Safety Authority that shall give an opinion regarding the application. EFSA reports that the probiotics are substances that improve the equilibrium of the intestinal tract microflora [ 20].What antibiotics are safe for rabbits? Can you give rabbits antibiotics without any major side effects? If your beloved bun has a bacterial illness or a wound, antibiotics may be needed. Like any other animal (yup – humans included), rabbits need medicine to get better. That doesn't mean that you can give your rabbit any antibiotics, however. Antibiotics for bigger animals such as cats and dogs are not always safe for smaller furry friends. As a rabbit owner, you need to make sure that you are giving your bun the right medicine to ensure that he gets better... without risky side effects that cause additional problems. To make it easier to know which antibiotics are safe, we've put together a handy guide on antibiotics for rabbits. Antibiotics used in animal breeding introduce problems while improving growth performance ( 1). The administration of antibiotics, whether therapeutically or prophylactically, disturbs the normal microbiotic balance of the host ( 2). Consequently, an awareness of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms caused by antibiotics encourages the development of probiotics ( 3). Probiotics are a safe alternative to antibiotics and are supplemented in the diet to prevent diseases and promote growth. Due to the spore’s resistance, survival in extreme environments, and long-term storage, spore-forming Bacillus spp. are considered to be suitable probiotics ( 4). They not only produce certain essential nutrients, such as amino acids, and vitamins K and B12 to promote growth performance ( 5) but they also promote the proliferation of beneficial anaerobic bacteria by consuming the free oxygen in the intestinal tract ( 6). In a previous study, Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtilis) DJM-51 isolated from soil demonstrated strong antagonism toward the tomato pathogen Clavibacter michiganense subsp. michiganense ATCC 7429 ( 7).
The following medications may reduce the efficacy of probiotics when given at the same time: antibiotics, antifungals. All the research studies that evaluate GIT microbiota found modification in microorganisms’ populations of GIT in relation to probiotic addition. Wlazło et al. [ 33] tested the effects of the administration of a fermented rapeseed meal with Bacillus subtilis as the probiotic (strain 87Y from the collection of InventionBio Ltd., Bydgoszcz, Poland) in 35-day-old New Zealand White × Popielno White rabbits for 85 days. The authors enumerate few microbial species in the duodenum, small intestine, caecum, and colon sections. Duodenum, small intestine, and colon lactic acid bacteria were increased due to probiotic addition, as well as small intestine mesophilic aerobic bacteria. No variation was detected in number of total fungi in all the sections. Noteworthily, a number of coliforms and Escherichia coli decreased in the small intestine and colon sections in relation to the probiotic diets [ 33]. A Bacillus subtilis strain, alone and in association with Lactobacillus acidophilus strain (also tested alone), were also tested by Lam Phuoc and Jamikorn [ 26]. The addition of the Bacillus subtilis probiotic strain (alone and in association with Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic strain) increased the numbers of bacilli in the ileum and colon, and generally, an increment of the numbers of bacilli were observed in all segments in the rabbits supplemented with either one of the probiotics. Similarly, the average number of lactobacilli in all intestinal segments of the rabbits were increased after the probiotic diets. The authors hypothesise a synergistic effect between B. subtilis and L. acidophilus. On the other hand, no difference was observed in the ileum coliform number, even if L. acidophilus showed an effect on coliform numbers in the cecum and colon, and an average number in all segments. These variations led, in rabbits fed L. acidophilus probiotics, to an increase in Gram-positive bacteria (lactobacilli) and a reduction in Gram-negative bacteria (coliforms). According to guidelines for evaluating probiotics in food reported by a joint UN Food and Agricultural Organization World Health Organization working group, resistance to gastric acidity and bile salts are two of the most widely used in vitro tests based on both survival and growth studies. Furthermore, given serious concerns about increased resistance to antibiotics due to their regular use as additives, one aspect of probiotics that needs to be analyzed is antibiotic resistance. Probiotic strains, as well as bacteria used in food, can harbor resistant genes that can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria ( 8). As a result, probiotic strains intended for meat animals should be screened for antibiotic resistance ( 9). Only at the end of the century the role of gut flora and the protective function of bacteria against pathogens were cleared and some fermented foods were considered probiotic products due to the presence of one or more probiotic bacteria [ 12].Limited studies in animals have been performed, but there is anecdotal evidence that probiotics work to treat gastrointestinal disease by supporting the maintenance of non-pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby supporting the immune system, and competing with pathogenic microbes. More studies in animals need to be performed. You cannot define pre- or probiotics without first understanding something we’ve referenced a few times in previous blogs: the microbiome. The microbiome refers to billions and billions of microscopic living organisms (e.g. bacteria, protozoa, fungi, etc.) which reside throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, but the largest diversity and abundance are located in the large intestine and cecum. The microbiome also varies widely between species; for example, the population compared between rabbits and cats looks very different. In recent years, scientists have been heavily focused on this topic which as led to more and more discoveries of the processes, functions, and pathways that the microbiome plays a role in and influences. Processes including fiber digestion, immune system health, pathogen colonization, inflammation, mood regulation, and many others have all been linked to the microbiome. Research in humans, dogs, and cats continues to highlight ways in which the microbiome contributes to numerous physiological pathways. Unfortunately, microbiome research is far less bountiful in exotic species. What Are Prebiotics and Probiotics? Resist the acidic gastric environment of the animal consuming them to reach the intended location for colonization (many times this is the large intestine/cecum).
Adult rabbits naturally do not have the right bacteria to digest milk derivates in the cecum and intestine. As well as that I’d rather feed something that he’s willing to eat himself, as force feeding him will only result in him despising me (I don’t think I’ve ever really been fully forgiven for the last time I syringe fed him something!) Not all the studies about the dietary administration of probiotics in rabbits reported modification in the intestinal morphology. For instance, Pogány Simonová et al. [ 32] and Oso et al. [ 45] did not report modification in jejunal morphometry or morphological parameters in the rabbit ileum after probiotic inclusion ( E. faecium and a mix of Pediococcus acidilactici and Bacillus cereus, respectively).Meat quality of rabbits fed probiotics showed as well mixed results. No variations in the pH 48, colour, proximate composition, and water holding capacity was reported by Pogány Simonová et al. [ 31], who tested in 5-week-old Hyplus breed rabbits for 28 days a strain of Enterococcus faecium (EF9a isolated from Pannon White rabbit, 1 × 10 9 CFU/mL, in a dose 500 µL/animal/day) in the drinking water. Moreover, El-Badawi et al. [ 40] and Islamov et al. [ 38] did not find, respectively, significant differences in rabbit meat quality (proximate composition) with the use of alone or combined bacteria yeast supplements ( Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a probiotic preparation called “Rescue Kit” (1 kg of preparation contains 800 × 10 9 CFU Bacillus subtilis and 800 × 10 9 Bacillus licheniformis; inclusion level of 10 g of preparation per 1 kg of feed; White Giant breed; from 70 days old to 120). No significant effects of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii supplementation were observed also by Rotolo et al. [ 43] in pH 24, colour, cooking loss, and proximate composition of longissimus dorsi muscle. Liu et al. [ 28] tested three doses of a probiotic strain of Clostridium butyricum (CCTCC AB: 2017089; low dose, 1.0 × 10 3 CFU/g; medium dose, 1.0 × 10 4 CFU/g; high dose, 1.0 × 10 5 CFU/g) in 5-month-old primiparous female rabbits (Sichuan white rex rabbit) until new-born weaning (35 days), and then also fed the weaning rabbits themselves with the same diet of the mothers (4-week feeding trial). The authors reported that compared to the control, rabbits supplemented with a high dose of probiotic elongated the length of the villi of small intestinal tissues, while the medium dose group showed longer villi in the duodenum and ileum. On the other hand, probiotic treatments decreased the crypt depth of weaning rex rabbits. Therefore, the ratios of villus length to crypt depth (VL/CD) were greater in the high dose group than in the control and low dose group. Probiotics can increase villus length and decrease crypt depth in the small intestine, which is beneficial for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, thus directly affecting mucosa morphology, digestive enzyme activity, and consequently growth performance.
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