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Inspired Pain

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The biggest mistake I see people make is not setting any goals, shortly followed by only setting short-term goals, such as yearly goals, and the worst thing that can happen is they achieve them. You might think this is odd – how can achieving goals be a bad thing? Research on social influences on pain is still in its infancy but has already proven to add valuable insights into a more comprehensive view on pain [for an excellent overview on motivational and learning aspects of pain communication see Hadjistavropoulos et al. (2011)]. Future studies could aid in understanding the specific neurobiology underlying persistent pain states caused through interpersonal violence (e.g., from torture), which are known to be particularly resistant to treatment. Outlook Another aspect that has only received very little attention is the motor implications of pain. Pain undoubtedly motivates withdrawal behavior, particularly in acute situations, and drives behavior requiring motor responses in the chronic situation. Motor implications of pain are notoriously difficult to investigate using neuroimaging techniques, given the movement-related confounds they produce. However, understanding the (cognitive) demand of motor implications and their suppression could add a missing piece to the puzzle of pain. So there is this idea that the people who are torturing have a licence to do it because they can easily choose not to see their victim’s pain?

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While desperation may spur you into action, it won’t guarantee you purposeful fulfilment, so when things get challenging, you’ll more than likely give up. Li, X.; Toyoda, H. Role of leak potassium channels in pain signaling. Brain Res. Bull. 2015, 119, 73–79. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]You have written about this as well. Why do you think it is so important to be able to describe your pain as precisely as possible? The experience of shared understanding can have a hugely significant impact on the experience of pain itself ( 16). This shared understanding is often made possible by enabling people in pain to explore the shape of their pain and its impact with respect to their life as a whole—this concerns how the phenomenon of pain presents in the context of a particular lifeworld, to use a phenomenological term [cf. ( 17)] 5. While the pain itself may linger, with no particular end in sight, a transformation of painful experience can be facilitated through meaningful intersubjective expression of pain, in which, as Hovey writes, “patients become people again” [( 18), p. 12]. This can be the impetus for both attitudinal and material change in lifeworlds of people in pain. Painful sensations are put into relief by experiential circumstances which are not always inevitable but about which people can feel more or less hopeful depending on this perceived possibility of change: Because pain is so blurry – perceptually and conceptually – there’s nothing to point to or grab on to. So the only way to go is to fill the blur with objects that we can see and describe. We are forced to speak of pain in terms of other, more visible objects, i.e. we are forced to speak metaphorically. The most common metaphor of pain is the weapon. We say, for example, that pain is shooting or stabbing or crushing. To summarize, the high biological relevance of pain is likely to trigger the salience network that ensures prioritized processing through connections with the cognitive control network governing attention allocation. Although directing attention to pain is critical in acute situations to prevent further harm, it can lead to severe cognitive disability in chronic pain. Additional studies are needed to understand under which circumstances we are able to “stay on task” and how cognitive control regions ensure that we can disengage from pain. Coordinating demands and available resources requires communication between brain regions, which is likely to be reflected in dynamic parameters of a flexible network of brain regions. A more detailed understanding of the factors that guide the allocation of attentional resources could shed light on the over-prioritization of pain-related processes that is characteristic for many chronic pain syndromes and often interferes with the pursuit of goals unrelated to pain (see Van Damme et al., 2010). Inter-individual differences in the ability to recruit the top–down control might explain the different effects pain can have on task performance ( Braver et al., 2010), including compromised task performance in some and improved performance in others ( Seminowicz et al., 2004; Tiemann et al., 2010). Influence of Motivational States on the Perception of Pain

Inspired by love and anger | Hymnary.org Inspired by love and anger | Hymnary.org

Yes, only the answers to why vary. In Job’s day the reason of pain was usually moral – what have I done wrong, asks Job, to deserve this? The word pain is actually derived from the Latin word poena which means penalty or punishment. Even though he can’t find a reason, poor Job can’t stop searching for one. Opportunities to discuss pain this broadly are rare in clinical encounters, which are primarily focussed on curing the physical body of its malady. However, without a detailed sense of how pain manifests in the lifeworld, medical consultation can feel frustratingly generic and detached for patients [( 19), p. 3]. Especially in cases of chronic pain, individual painful circumstances shape and color the lifeworld and, in “attending to these complexities of painful experience and associated suffering, a radically different notion of care may emerge as appropriate for each person beyond unsympathetic and clinical elimination of pain altogether” [( 4), p. 111]—it is, after all, not always possible for treatment to offer a straightforward “cure,” and the unique significance of chronic pain for the patient must be taken seriously when exploring alternative treatment avenues. Ideally, treatment would respond specifically to the expression of pain for each individual in their particular situation. And this actually brings us to the downside of the imagination and metaphor when it comes to pain, which also happens to be the subject of Susan Sontag’s book, Illness as Metaphor. On the one hand, metaphors are so critical because they are the only way to conceptualise and communicate the experience. But, on the other hand, because of the urgent demand to determine the why of pain, there is a tendency to keep on inventing and imagining reasons, to never be completely satisfied. Huang, Y.; Tao, L.-Q.; Yu, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, C.; Chen, X. Integrated Sensing and Warning Multifunctional Devices Based on the Combined Mechanical and Thermal Effect of Porous Graphene. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 14, 53049–53057. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Kwon, J.H.; Kim, Y.M.; Moon, H.C. Porous Ion Gel: A Versatile Ionotronic Sensory Platform for High-Performance, Wearable Ionoskins with Electrical and Optical Dual Output. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 15132–15141. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]

Pain, decisions, and actions: a motivational Frontiers | Pain, decisions, and actions: a motivational

For centuries, the perception of pain had been conceptualized as a linear read-out of incoming nociceptive information: the more nociceptive information enters the sensory system, the stronger the pain. However, over the recent years numerous studies have demonstrated that pain is substantially influenced by cognitive-affective processes, including motivational factors such as “fear of pain” or the prospect of pain relief. The following section will mainly focus on the influence of fear as one of the most basic motivations but will also highlight recent advances on the influence of social factors as a new, emerging field of research. For a discussion of other, more complex cognitive processes on pain, we refer the reader to two review articles ( Wiech et al., 2008; Wiech and Tracey, 2009). Fear and AnxietyTo summarize, there is cumulative evidence suggesting that the prospect of pain is integrated into the evaluation of appetitive stimuli and might thereby affect the net evaluation of these stimuli. The translation of this experimental research in healthy volunteers into patients suffering from chronic pain could provide novel, clinically highly relevant insights into pain-related choices and more specifically, the compromised ability to implement top–down processing in goal conflicts. A particularly promising focus is the characterization of impaired DLPFC functions, which comprise not only a top–down influence on stimulus and action evaluation but also executive functions such as “goal shielding” through biased attentional processing. Furthermore, future neuroimaging studies on pain-related goal conflicts should consider other conflict-relevant dimensions apart from valence. In contrast to experimental settings in which participants choose between simple stimuli that are delivered immediately, conflict in the context of (chronic) pain often arises from more complex scenarios in which the options are typically on different time scales (e.g., pain relief from analgesics as short-term benefit vs. side-effects as long-term adversity). Insights into the integration of action outcome with different time constants could help in understanding the preference for immediate pain relief despite the detrimental long-term costs. Finally, future studies on the resolution of goal conflicts in the context of pain should explore the integration of relevant information in the brain in more detail. The exchange and comparison of information regarding costs and benefits as well as the subsequent decision-making processes require dynamic brain circuitries rather than single brain regions. Tools focusing on dynamic parameters (e.g., analysis of functional connectivity) and computational models that inform brain imaging analysis based on behavioral data can therefore add valuable new insights. Interruptive Function of Pain: Attentional Processes Studies investigating learning (and particularly associative learning during fear conditioning) have widely capitalized on the fact that pain motivates behavior. In fear conditioning, an individual is exposed to an initially neutral stimulus (e.g., geometric shape; conditioned stimulus, CS) that is paired with an aversive stimulus (e.g., noxious heat; unconditioned stimulus, US). As the individual learns that the CS predicts the US, the CS acquires aversive properties and is able to elicit conditioned fear responses. When you are driven by inspiration, you’ll be aware of the costs and challenges of something, as well as the rewards and benefits, and do it anyway. As a leader, recognising the fine balance between distress and eustress and operating from a place of inspiration can be key to optimal growth and effectiveness. The under-treatment of pain is well-documented in medical literature, and a large part of this has to do with failures in communication.”

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