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Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic, And Postmodern Perspectives

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The Institutional Theory also states that organizations depending on the factors of production from the environment, also need approval from society, and this is known as social legitimacy. Status: this can be seen through status indicators. These include size and location of spaces occupied, as well as value of furniture and decorations, and equipment used by different workers. a b Chandler, Alfred (1977). The Visible Hand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780674940529. The contingency theory: The contingency model theory, developed by Fred Fiedler, explains that group performance is a result of interaction between the style of the leader and the characteristics of the environment in which the leader works.

Symbolic Interpretive Theorists: The way things are laid out in the organization, represents their organizational culture (and attitude towards work methods) as well as the different positions and status that employees have. Marx, K. (1967). Economic and philosophical manuscripts. In L. D. Easton & K. H. Guddat (Eds. & Trans.), Writings of the young Marx on philosophy and society (pp. 283–337). Garden City, NY: AnchorThe approach then evaluates the production of scepticism in for any theories that prevail to emerge. It also encourages the people to shift towards a trend which is completely different from the previous one. This perspective broadens the idea of what is perceived in an organisation. As such, if managers are thinking about the development of the organisation, they are pertaining to a larger scope and consider the whole organisation no matter what area they are from. A marketer will not just stand for the theories of how to market a product but also on how it will work for the management department, finance and other (Kingshuk and Van de Ven, 2005). Organisational theories are very broad though and important aspects like the technology, physical areas and culture have to be evaluated. In the post-modern idea, this somehow entails a more responsive approach for the organisations in measuring its behaviour. Postmodernist Theories: “Postmodernists are extremely skeptical of the principle of hierarchy, centralization, control and integration, insisting that these are merely words used to legitimize those who hold power” (Hatch and Cunliffe, 2006). Physical Structures within the organization can be seen as symbols (for example, a reserved parking place can be symbolic of that workers position and power within the organization). Norms: “are expressions of values” (Hatch and Cunliffe, 2006). They indicate how individuals in a culture should behave and act - what actions of behavior will receive a reward or not.

Lawrence and Lorsch also proposed that for an organization to be most efficient and effective, their internal organization must fit the environment in terms of differentiation and integration. There are three perspectives, collectively known as multiple perspectives which help to analyse and understand organizations. These include the modern, symbolic interpretive and post modern perspectives. When analyzing the organization and its environment, the different areas of the general environment don’t all have to be used for the analysis - only what is most important for your case. Niels Andersen's research about polyphonic organization arise out of his understanding of the society as functionally differentiated. The society is divided into a number of countless social systems; communication systems with their own values and commutative code. Niels Andersen is inspired by the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann and his theory about social systems. The core element of Luhmann's theory pivots around the problem of the contingency of the meaning. In other words, the system theory becomes a theory of communication and how meaning is created within different social systems.

Variation: Innovation leads to new organizations, and organizations change to satisfy differing demands in the environment. The International Environment: This includes all the organizations that operate in more than one country. Problems arose out of scientific management. One is that the standardization leads workers to rebel against mundanes. Another may see workers rejecting the incentive system because they are required to constantly work at their optimum level, an expectation that may be unrealistic.

When a person leaves their position of authority, the next person to fill the position has that authority again.Continuous: New technologies seem to be able to run on a continuous basis and whatever is continuous also needs to be reliable. Continuous technology is also complex because if it ever needs to be changed, it needs to be done while maintaining the operation. a b c d e Gingrich, Paul. 14 October 1999. " Rationalization and Bureaucracy." Introduction to Social Theory [Sociology 250]. Regina: University of Regina. a b Smith, Adam (1977) [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76374-9. It has been found that the greater distance between employees work places, the less likely they are to communicate. Technical, economic and physical demands (these are satisfied through the exchange of goods and services).

Environmental uncertainty is calculated by the amount of complexity (the range and amount of elements in the environment and rate of change (the speed at which these elements changes). For example, if there is a low rate of change, and low amount of complexity, then the environment is seen to have a low amount of uncertainty. Chapter 1 is fully revised with a new emphasis on how and why organizational theory is an essential subject to study for anyone looking to progress in a business environment. The Hawthorne studies helped conclude that "a human/social element operated in the workplace and that productivity increases were as much an outgrowth of group dynamics as of managerial demands and physical factors." [12] The Hawthorne studies also concluded that although financial motives were important, social factors are just as important in defining the worker-productivity.Increases efficiency due to task specialization - i.e. in a group of workers, each specializes on a specific task to complete the whole product. Relay Assembly Test Room experiment (1927–28) to find out the effect of changes in number of work hour and related working condition on worker productivity." Task Analyzability: “The extent to which, when an exception is encountered, there are known analytical methods for dealing with it” (Hatch and Cunliffe, 2006).

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