SS Charlemagne: The 33rd Waffen-Grenadier Division of the SS

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During Charles' reign, the Roman half uncial script and its cursive version, which had given rise to various continental minuscule scripts, were combined with features from the insular scripts in use in Irish and English monasteries. Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of Charlemagne. Alcuin, who ran the palace school and scriptorium at Aachen, was probably a chief influence. In 799, Pope Leo III had been assaulted by some of the Romans, who tried to pull out his eyes and tear out his tongue. [90] Leo escaped and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn. [91] Charlemagne, advised by scholar Alcuin, travelled to Rome, in November 800 and held a synod. On 23 December, Leo swore an oath of innocence to Charlemagne. His position having thereby been weakened, the Pope sought to restore his status. Two days later, at Mass, on Christmas Day (25 December), when Charlemagne knelt at the altar to pray, the Pope crowned him Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans") in Saint Peter's Basilica. In so doing, the Pope rejected the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople: Charlemagne ( / ˈ ʃ ɑːr l ə m eɪ n, ˌ ʃ ɑːr l ə ˈ m eɪ n/ SHAR-lə-mayn, -⁠ MAYN) or Charles the Great ( Latin: Carolus Magnus, Frankish: Karl; [1] 2 April 747 [a] – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and was crowned as the Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800. Charlemagne succeeded in uniting the majority of Western and Central Europe and was the first recognized emperor to rule Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire approximately three centuries earlier. [4] The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded was the Carolingian Empire, which is considered the first phase in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. He was canonized by Antipope Paschal III—an act later treated as invalid—and he is now regarded by some as beatified (which is a step on the path to sainthood) in the Catholic Church. a b c Bachrach, Bernard S.; Clifford J. Rogers; Kelly DeVries (2002). Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-909-6.

To anyone familiareach Berlin with one battalion. He asked for volunteers, those who didn't want to continue fighting were absolved, In 797, Barcelona, the greatest city of the region, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Cordova and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis of Aquitaine marched the entire army of his kingdom over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The Franks continued to press forward against the emir. They probably took Tarragona and forced the submission of Tortosa in 809. The last conquest brought them to the mouth of the Ebro and gave them raiding access to Valencia, prompting the Emir al-Hakam I to recognise their conquests in 813. Bouchard, Constance (2010). Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 129–131. ISBN 9780812201406.

Bachrach, Bernard (2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768–777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. Leiden: Brill. 2013, p. 234of them including 15 officers were missing in action. Overall about 50 Russian tanks were destroyed and The destructive war led by Pepin in Aquitaine, although brought to a satisfactory conclusion for the Franks, proved the Frankish power structure south of the Loire was feeble and unreliable. After the defeat and death of Waifer in 768, while Aquitaine submitted again to the Carolingian dynasty, a new rebellion broke out in 769 led by Hunald II, a possible son of Waifer. He took refuge with the ally Duke Lupus II of Gascony, but probably out of fear of Charlemagne's reprisal, Lupus handed him over to the new King of the Franks to whom he pledged loyalty, which seemed to confirm the peace in the Basque area south of the Garonne. [71] In the campaign of 769, Charlemagne seems to have followed a policy of "overwhelming force" and avoided a major pitched battle [72] Charlemagne and Anglo-Saxon England, Joanna Story, Charlemagne: Empire and Society, ed. Joanna Story, (Manchester University Press, 2005), 195. the group of mostly LVF veterans engaged ex-German POWs of the "Seydlitz Division." This German Division fought Early in Charlemagne's rule he tacitly allowed Jews to monopolise money lending. [126] He invited Italian Jews to immigrate, as royal clients independent of the feudal landowners, and form trading communities in the agricultural regions of Provence and the Rhineland. Their trading activities augmented the otherwise almost exclusively agricultural economies of these regions. [127] His personal physician was Jewish, [128] and he employed a Jew named Isaac as his personal representative to the Muslim caliphate of Baghdad. [129] Education reforms edit Charlemagne in a contemporaneous sketch ( c. 800), apparently clean-shaven with a chignon hairstyle.

For the Pope, then, there was "no living Emperor at that time" [101] though Henri Pirenne [102] disputes this saying that the coronation "was not in any sense explained by the fact that at this moment a woman was reigning in Constantinople". Nonetheless, the Pope took the extraordinary step of creating one. The papacy had since 727 been in conflict with Irene's predecessors in Constantinople over a number of issues, chiefly the continued Byzantine adherence to the doctrine of iconoclasm, the destruction of Christian images; while from 750, the secular power of the Byzantine Empire in central Italy had been nullified. Charlemagne's death emotionally affected many of his subjects, particularly those of the literary clique who had surrounded him at Aachen. An anonymous monk of Bobbio lamented: [121]Charlemagne's birth date is uncertain, but was most likely born in 747 or 748. [2] [40] An older tradition, taking after 9th century biographer Einhard's report of Charlemagne being 72 at death, gives a birth year of 742. [41] 2 April is often given as the day of his birth. [42] The date of 742 has led to the belief that Charlemagne may have been an illegitimate child, as Pepin and Bertrada were bound by a private contract [5] at the time of his birth, but did not marry until 744. [43] Einhard; Notker Balbulus (1905) [c. 820–830]. "Private Life and Character of Charlemagne. 30" (PDF). The Early Lives of Charlemagne by Eginhard and the Monk of St Gall. Translated by A. J. Grant. Alexander Moring Limited. p. 39 – via Project Gutenberg. Papst Johannes Paul II (2004). "Ansprache von seiner Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II" (in German). Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Pepin died in 810 and Charles in 811. Charlemagne then reconsidered the matter, and in 813, crowned his youngest son, Louis, co-emperor and co-King of the Franks, granting him a half-share of the empire and the rest upon Charlemagne's own death. The only part of the Empire that Louis was not promised was Italy, which Charlemagne specifically bestowed upon Pippin's illegitimate son Bernard. [143] Appearance edit Manner edit 13th-century stained glass depiction of Charlemagne, Strasbourg Cathedral The Royal Frankish Annals, entry for the year 814 (death of Charlemagne), Cod. 473, fol. 143v. / Photo courtesy Österreichische