Crystallization

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Step 9: The process of filtration can separate these crystals. The liquid left after the removal of crystals is known as mother liquor Supaphol P, Spruiell JE (2000) Regime crystallization in syndiotactic polypropylenes: re-evaluation of the literature data. Polymer 41(3):1205–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00254-2 As crystallization is concerned with the phase change in solid–liquid systems, analysis of crystallization processes starts with consideration of phase diagrams. In this chapter we will show how phase diagrams help to select a crystallization method, and to determine the yield and the temperature of a crystallization process. The industrially relevant features of the main crystallization methods are also presented. Ania F, Rueda DR, Balta-Calleja FJ et al (2000) Time resolved USAXS study of the shish-kebab structure in PE: annealing and melt crystallization. J Mater Sci 35(20):5199–5205. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004864606257

Bu ZZ, Yoon Y, Ho RM et al (1996) Crystallization, melting, and morphology of syndiotactic polypropylene fractions. 3. Lamellar single crystals and chain folding. Macromolecules 29(20):6575–6581. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9603793 Piorkowska E, Galeski A, Haudin JM (2006) Critical assessment of overall crystallization kinetics theories and predictions. Prog Polym Sci 31(6):549–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.05.001 Zhang B, Chen JJ, Liu BC et al (2017) Morphological changes of isotactic polypropylene crystals grown in thin films. Macromolecules 50(16):6210–6217. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01381 Burns JR, Turnbull D (1966) Kinetics of crystal nucleation in molten isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Phys 37(11):4021–4026. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707969Trifonova-van Haerigan D, Varga J, Ehrenstein GW, Vancso GJ (2000) Features of the hedritic morphology of beta-isotactic polypropylene studied by atomic force microscopy. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 38:672–681. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(20000301)38:5%3c672:AID-POLB4%3e3.0.CO;2-P Pawlak A, Piorkowska E (2001) Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene in a temperature gradient. Colloid Polym Sci 279(10):939–946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003960100519 Kumaraswamy G, Issaian AM, Kornfield JA (1999) Shear-enhanced crystallization in isotactic polypropylene. 1. Correspondence between in situ rheo-optics and ex situ structure determination. Macromolecules 32(22):7537–7547. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma990772j

Hayashi Y, Matsuba G, Zhao YF et al (2009) Precursor of shish-kebab in isotactic polystyrene under shear flow. Polymer 50(9):2095–2103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.03.008 Hamad FG, Colby RH, Milner ST (2015) Lifetime of flow-induced precursors in isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 48(19):7286–7299. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01408Clark EJ, Hoffman JD (1984) Regime-III crystallization in polypropylene. Macromolecules 17(4):878–885. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00134a058 Smith P, Pennings AJ (1976) Unidirectional solidification of isotactic polypropylene. Eur Polymer J 12(11):781–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(76)90070-7 Since the first publication of this definitive work nearly 40 years ago, this fourth edition has been completely rewritten. Crystallization is used at some stage in nearly all process industries as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials. Mezghani K, Phillips PJ (1998) The gamma-phase of high molecular weight isotactic polypropylene: III. The equilibrium melting point and the phase diagram. Polymer 39(16):3735–3744. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(97)10121-5