50W LED Transformator, max. 4,2A 12V DC, Trafo

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According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each winding proportional to its number of windings. The transformer winding voltage ratio is equal to the winding turns ratio. [6] The EMF of a transformer at a given flux increases with frequency. [9] By operating at higher frequencies, transformers can be physically more compact because a given core is able to transfer more power without reaching saturation and fewer turns are needed to achieve the same impedance. However, properties such as core loss and conductor skin effect also increase with frequency. Aircraft and military equipment employ 400Hz power supplies which reduce core and winding weight. [17] Conversely, frequencies used for some railway electrification systems were much lower (e.g. 16.7Hz and 25Hz) than normal utility frequencies (50–60Hz) for historical reasons concerned mainly with the limitations of early electric traction motors. Consequently, the transformers used to step-down the high overhead line voltages were much larger and heavier for the same power rating than those required for the higher frequencies. Transformer equivalent circuit impedance and transformer ratio parameters can be derived from the following tests: open-circuit test, short-circuit test, winding resistance test, and transformer ratio test. Operation of a transformer at its designed voltage but at a higher frequency than intended will lead to reduced magnetizing current. At a lower frequency, the magnetizing current will increase. Operation of a large transformer at other than its design frequency may require assessment of voltages, losses, and cooling to establish if safe operation is practical. Transformers may require protective relays to protect the transformer from overvoltage at higher than rated frequency. Inclusion of capacitance into the transformer model is complicated, and is rarely attempted; the ‘real’ transformer model's equivalent circuit shown below does not include parasitic capacitance. However, the capacitance effect can be measured by comparing open-circuit inductance, i.e. the inductance of a primary winding when the secondary circuit is open, to a short-circuit inductance when the secondary winding is shorted.

One example is in traction transformers used for electric multiple unit and high-speed train service operating across regions with different electrical standards. The converter equipment and traction transformers have to accommodate different input frequencies and voltage (ranging from as high as 50Hz down to 16.7Hz and rated up to 25kV).Transformator bisa besar banget seperti gambar pertama tadi, tapi ada juga yang kecil seperti yang ada dalam charger handphone elo. Trafo memiliki perbedaan dari sisi bentuk dan ukuran, namun masih memiliki prinsip kerja yang sama yaitu menaik turunkan tegangan listrik. Fungsi Transformator

Transformator adalah alat listrik yang berfungsi untuk mengubah taraf suatu tegangan Alternating Current (AC) ke taraf yang lain sesuai kebutuhannya. Transformator bekerja berdasarkan prinsip induksi elektromagnetik. Transformator dapat memindahkan listrik antara dua buah rangkaian melalui induksi elektromagnetik. Transformator bekerja menggunakan prinsip induksi elektromagnetik GGL (Gaya Gerak Listrik) induksi. If the flux in the core is purely sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its rms voltage E rms of the winding, and the supply frequency f, number of turns N, core cross-sectional area A in m 2 and peak magnetic flux density B peak in Wb/m 2 or T (tesla) is given by the universal EMF equation: [9] E rms = 2 π f N A B peak 2 ≈ 4.44 f N A B peak {\displaystyle E_{\text{rms}}={\frac {2\pi fNAB_{\text{peak}}}{\sqrt {2}}}\approx 4.44fNAB_{\text{peak}}} Polarity [ edit ] An ideal transformer is linear, lossless and perfectly coupled. Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductance and zero net magnetomotive force (i.e. i p n p− i s n s=0). [3] [c] Ideal transformer connected with source V P on primary and load impedance Z L on secondary, where 0< Z L<∞. Ideal transformer and induction law [d]

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In normal course of circuit equivalence transformation, R S and X S are in practice usually referred to the primary side by multiplying these impedances by the turns ratio squared, ( N P/ N S) 2=a 2. The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself. In practice, some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings. [11] Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. [12] Leakage flux results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic fields with each cycle of the power supply. It is not directly a power loss, but results in inferior voltage regulation, causing the secondary voltage not to be directly proportional to the primary voltage, particularly under heavy load. [11] Transformers are therefore normally designed to have very low leakage inductance.

Setelah mengetahui konsep dasar hingga rumus transformator, mari kita belajar lebih lanjut dengan mengerjakan beberapa contoh soal transformator berikut tentu dengan pembahasannya juga yang udah gue tulis juga di bawah! Soal Transformator No 1 The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the indicated directions and the core magnetomotive force cancels to zero. Large power transformers are vulnerable to insulation failure due to transient voltages with high-frequency components, such as caused in switching or by lightning. Nah itulah perbedaan antara transformator step up dengan transformator step down atau biasa kita sebut trafo step up dan step down. Simbol Transformator Selanjutnya dari banyak lilitan dan voltasenya, untuk transformator step down selalu Ns < Np dan selalu Vs < Vp karena fungsinya menurunkan tegangan, sehingga Vs harus lebih kecil dan Vp. Sedangkan step up untuk lilitan sekundernya lebih besar daripada lilitan primer dan voltase tegangan sekundernya lebih besar daripada tegangan primer, karena fungsi step up untuk menaikan tegangan.

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Terdapat transformator power supply komputer yang dihubungkan dengan PLN pada tegangan 216 Volt dan tegangan diturunkan pada 12 Volt. Jika diketahui banyak lilitan primernya pada komputer power supply sebanyak 1.800 lilitann, cari berapa banyak lilitan sekundernya? Jawaban dan Pembahasan Soal Transformator Transformator step up berfungsi untuk menaikan tegangan, sedangkan transformator step down berfungsi untuk menurunkan tegangan.Transformator ideal adalah transformator yang efisiensinya 100% artinya Pprimer=Pskunder seperti penjelasan rumus di atas. Transformator ideal energi masuk sama dengan daya yang keluar, jadi nggak ada energi yang hilang. Sayangnya, transformator ini kita tidak menemui di dunia nyata. Transformator Tak Ideal Leakage flux that escapes from the core and passes through one winding only resulting in primary and secondary reactive impedance. Nah gimana? Elo sudah cukup paham kan dengan beberapa konsep transformator dasar yang udah gue jelasin di atas? Nah itu masih belum cukup tuh sob! Yuk kita lanjut pembahasan kali ini ke jenis transformator Jenis Transformator Cievka, ktorá je pripojená na zdroj napätia je nazývaná primárne vinutie, ostatné cievky sú nazývané sekundárne vinutie (vinutia). Vinutia majú niekedy vyvedené aj niektoré nekoncové body, ktoré sa nazývajú odbočky.