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Anatomy of the Horse: with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg

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a b Williams, Carey A. (April 2004). "The Basics of Equine Nutrition". Equine Science Center. Rutgers University. FS #038. The term anatomy means the study of the structure of a particular species and all its individual components. A horse's anatomy consists of several different body systems that work in combination to maintain all normal body functions.

In ungulates, the paranasal sinuses are relatively large. Ungulates need a large head functionally, to allow attachment for the of muscles of mastication, but there is a balance with how dense and solid the bony skull can be. The sinuses allow for the large head to be lighter. Susan J. Holcombe (1998). "Neuromuscular Regulation of the Larynx and Nasopharynx in the Horse" (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP. 44: 26. FIG. 3.9 Dorsal view of the tongue and epiglottis of cattle (bo) and horse (eq). 1, Palatine tonsil; 2, median groove; 3, filiform papillae; 4, foliate papillae; 5, epiglottis; 6, tonsillar sinus/crypt; 7, root of tongue; 8, vallate papillae; 9, torus linguae; 10, fossa linguae /lingual fissure; 11, fungiform papillae. TVA, modified The heart functions can be split into two sides. The right side of the heart pumps unoxygenated blood to the lungs, where oxygen is added to the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. The left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body to deliver nutrients to the tissues. Equine anatomy encompasses the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses, ponies and other equids, including donkeys, mules and zebras. While all anatomical features of equids are described in the same terms as for other animals by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature in the book Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, there are many horse-specific colloquial terms used by equestrians.The eye sits within the bony orbit, but are surrounded by a post-orbital fat pad dorsally. Surrounding the extraocular muscles is a membrane called the periorbita. The mare's reproductive system is responsible for controlling gestation, birth, and lactation, as well as her estrous cycle and mating behavior. It lies ventral to the 4th or 5th lumbar vertebrae, although its position within the mare can vary depending on the movement of the intestines and distention of the bladder.

Townsend HG, Leach DH, Fretz PB. Kinematics of the equine thoracolumbar spine. Equine Vet J. 1983;15(2):117-22. The brain is formed by a right and left cerebral hemispheres, which create the cerebrum. The surface of the cerebrum is thrown into ridges called gyri, and depressions called sulci. Rostral and dorsal to the facial tuberosity find the infraorbital foramen where the infraorbital branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V Trigeminal) exits from the infraorbital canal. Understanding Colic In Horses: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, And Prevention - Complete Horse Guide". 6 August 2023 . Retrieved 7 August 2023.

Musculoskeletal System in Horses

Temporal bone: contains the eternal acoustic meatus, which transmits sound from the ear to the cochlea (eardrum)

Figures above (left) Bovine: needle placement for desensitizing the cornual n. bovine. The cornual n. follows the temporal ling/ridge to the base of the horn. (right) Caprine (goat): A, Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of the lacrimal n. B, Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of the infratrochlear n. (Modified from Muir WW III, Hubbell JAE, Bednarski RM, Skarda RT: Veterinary anesthesia, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 2000.) Throatlatch [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] (also, throttle, throatlash [ citation needed], throat [11]): the point at which the windpipe meets the head at the underside of the jaw, [3] corresponding to where the eponymous part of a bridle goes. [12] M. Levator anguli oculi medialis and M. Frontalis - slightly elevates of the upper eyelid [12] [13] FIG. 18.23 (A) Equine: the deep masticatory muscles of the left side have been exposed by removal of the left mandibular ramus (stippled). (B) Medial view of the right digastricus and some related structures. 1, Temporalis; 2, pterygoideus lateralis; 3, lateral surface of pterygoideus medialis/medial pterygoid; 4, digastricus; 4′, occipitomandibularis; 5, left temporomandibular joint; 6, stylohyoid; 7, stylohyoideus; 7′, insertion of stylohyoideus on thyrohyoid; 8, medial surface of right mandible and mandibular foramen; 9, cranial cavity; 9′, foramen magnum. TVAEquine head. PeabodyDVM. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhA-blWzC8Y[last accessed 01/05/2021] Figure 14B-1 Horse skull, lateral view. 1, temporalis m.; 2, occipitomandibularis part of digastricus muscle; 3, facial crest; 4, nasoincisive notch; 5, infraorbital foramen; 6, paracondylar process; 7, mental foramen; 8, bar; 9, 9’, supraorbital process and foramen; *, mastoid process of the temporal bone. Tendons are easily damaged if placed under too much strain, which can result in a painful, and possibly career-ending, injury. Tendinitis is most commonly seen in high performance horses that gallop or jump. When a tendon is damaged the healing process is slow because tendons have a poor blood supply, reducing the availability of nutrients and oxygen to the tendon. Once a tendon is damaged the tendon will always be weaker, because the collagen fibres tend to line up in random arrangements instead of the stronger linear pattern. Scar tissue within the tendon decreases the overall elasticity in the damaged section of the tendon as well, causing an increase in strain on adjacent uninjured tissue.

Figure 1. Horse anatomy – a schematic representation of the 7 cervical vertebrae extending from the base of the skull to the first thoracic vertebrae, where the rib cage begins. Note the difference in shape of the atlas and axis compared with the rest of the vertebrae and rudimentary spinous processes present on the sixth and seventh vertebrae. Also note that the lamellar part of the nuchal ligament does not connect to the first and seventh vertebrae, allowing for more rotation in those regions. The inner ear is a complex structure that includes the cochlea and the vestibular system. [11] Muscles of Mastication [ edit | edit source ] The infundibulum is surrounded by the more yellow dentine. The pulp cavity fills with darker secondary dentine as the tooth continues to erupt. The dark secondary dentine forms the dental star. On the occlusal surface the dental star will appear as a darker spot just outside of the cup/ enamel spot region (Fig. 14B-12/1). A10.4 Identify and describe the head structures associated with nasolacrimal flushing, the proper placement of a nasogastric tube, and the guttural pouch in equine. Figure 14B-8 Caudal portion of a bovine skull to show the frontal sinus in the center extending into an opened cornual process as the cornual diverticulum on the right . (On the left the cornual process has not been opened.) Numerous septa divide the frontal sinus into a labyrinth of connected spaces.

Respiratory System in Horses

Handbuch der Anatomie der Tiere für Künstler(hosted by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections) https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/science/vetanatimgs/ The levator labii superioris m. arises over the maxilla and runs dorsorostrally to form a common tendon with its counterpart on the other side. The combined tendon of these bilateral muscles travels between the nostrils, and splays out within the upper lip, allowing for the lip curl (i.e, Flehmen response – part of the vomeronasal organ system to sense pheromones). The muscles of mastication are well developed in ungulates and are bilateral, and (mostly) innervated by CN V Trigeminal.

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