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Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. We followed guidance provided in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions to assess risk of bias in included trials ( Higgins 2011a).

When possible, we explored substantial clinical, methodological, or statistical heterogeneity and addressed the heterogeneity in subgroup analyses (see Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity). With this systematic review and network meta‐analysis, we aim to provide the best level of evidence for benefits and harms of nutritional supplementation for people with NAFLD. Definition used by study authors for serious adverse events and any adverse events ( ICH‐GCP 1997 versus other definitions). If that cell is empty, look at the column corresponding to intervention B and the row corresponding to intervention A. The authors of this review collected and analysed all relevant randomised clinical trials with the aim of finding out what is the best treatment.If that cell is empty (indicated by a '‐'), look at the row corresponding to intervention B and the column corresponding to intervention A. A total of 202 trials were included ( Miglio 2000; Uygun 2000; Harrison 2003; Kugelmas 2003; Deng 2005; Chande 2006; Chou 2006; Dufour 2006; Nobili 2006; Chen 2008; Spadaro 2008; Wang 2008; Zhu 2008; Abdelmalek 2009; Gomez 2009; Hashemi 2009; Nelson 2009; Fabbrini 2010; Khoshbaten 2010b; Li 2010; Malaguarnera 2010; Ruan 2010; Sanyal 2010; Aller 2011; Lavine 2011; Tan 2011; Vajro 2011; Basu 2012; Della Corte 2012; Gonciarz 2012; Loguercio 2012; Malaguarnera 2012; Panahi 2012; Basu 2013; Ghergherehchi 2013; Gianturco 2013; Illnait 2013; Magosso 2013; Nobili 2013; Saxena 2013; Shavakhi 2013; Wong 2013a; Wong 2013b; Aliashrafi 2014; Alisi 2014; Askari 2014; Byrne 2014; Celinski 2014; Chachay 2014; Eslamparast 2014; Farhangi 2014; Foroughi 2014; Martinez‐Rodriguez 2014; Sanyal 2014; Scorletti 2014; Sharifi 2014; Solhi 2014; Somi 2014; Akbarzadeh 2015; Aller 2015; Amiri‐Moghadam 2015; Argo 2015; Bae 2015; Bonfrate 2015; Boyraz 2015; Chen 2015a; Chen 2015b; Dasarathy 2015; Faghihzadeh 2015; Janczyk 2015; Orr 2015; Pacifico 2015; Qin 2015; Yan 2015; Zhang 2015; Asgharian 2016; Barchetta 2016; Boonyagard 2016; Della Corte 2016; Ebrahimi‐Mameghani 2016; Eghtesadi 2016; Ekhlasi 2016; Farsi 2016; Ferolla 2016; Guo 2016; Heeboll 2016; Hong 2016; Li 2016; Nabavi 2016; Naganuma 2016; Nogueira 2016; Panahi 2016; Pezeshki 2016; Rahimlou 2016; Rahmani 2016; Sepideh 2016; Yari 2016; Amiri 2017; Ashraf 2017; Behrouz 2017; Chan 2017; Chongsrisawat 2017; Ebrahimi‐Mameghani 2017; Famouri 2017a; Gavrilescu 2017; Hussain 2017; Jameshorani 2017; Javadi 2017; Jeong 2017; Kobyliak 2017; Manzhalii 2017; Mofidi 2017; Navekar 2017; Palamaru 2017; Sakpal 2017; Schattenberg 2017; Shahmohammadi 2017; Tabatabaee 2017; Wang 2017; Youshari 2017; Zohrer 2017; Ahn 2018; Amanat 2018; Amirkhizi 2018; Asghari 2018; Bakhshimoghaddam 2018; Bomhof 2018; Dabbaghmanesh 2018; Daneshi‐Maskooni 2018; Eriksson 2018; Geier 2018; Ghaffari 2018; Hosseini 2018; Javanmardi 2018; Kobyliak 2018; Lewis 2018; Oscarsson 2018; Pervez 2018; Sayari 2018; Taghvaei 2018; Tobin 2018; Wang 2018; Zamani 2018; Bril 2019; Cheraghpour 2019; Duseja 2019; Jazayeri‐Tehrani 2019; Abhari 2020; Afsharinasab 2020; Afzali 2020; Babaei 2020; Bahrami 2020; Barbakadze 2020; Boonyagard 2020; Cai 2020; Cerletti 2020; Climax 2020; Dallio 2020; Farzin 2020; Fathi 2020; Fernandez‐Travieso 2020; Ferro 2020; Hormoznejad 2020; Hoseini 2020; Hosseinabadi 2020; Kazemi 2020; Khutsishvili 2020; Kooshki 2020; Mansour 2020; Moradi 2020; Orang 2020; Parsi 2020; Pasdar 2020; Pervez 2020; Poparn 2020; Pour 2020; Rafie 2020; Sadrkabir 2020; Sangouni 2020; Scorletti 2020; Soleimani 2020; Song 2020; Tutunchi 2020; Yari 2020; Zanko 2020; Chiou 2021; Hong 2021; Izadi 2021; Kanoni 2021; Morvaridzadeh 2021; Poulos 2021; Soleimani 2021; EUCTR 2008‐008275‐34‐GB; EUCTR 2009‐017080‐41‐GB; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00816465","term_id":"NCT00816465"}}NCT00816465; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00845845","term_id":"NCT00845845"}}NCT00845845; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00941642","term_id":"NCT00941642"}}NCT00941642; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00977730","term_id":"NCT00977730"}}NCT00977730; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01083992","term_id":"NCT01083992"}}NCT01083992; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01623024","term_id":"NCT01623024"}}NCT01623024; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02690792","term_id":"NCT02690792"}}NCT02690792; {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04411862","term_id":"NCT04411862"}}NCT04411862). Follow‐up of trial participants ranged from 1 month to 28 months (2 months to 28 months for trials that reported clinical outcomes). Many are the therapeutic activities carried out on the liver: cholagogue effect, choleretic effect, analgesic and antispasmodic effects on the bile ducts.

The 95% credible intervals (Crls) of probability ranks were wide and included 0 and 1 in most comparisons for all outcomes. We defined an adverse event as any untoward medical occurrence not necessarily having a causal relationship with the intervention but resulting in a dose reduction or discontinuation of the intervention (any time after commencement of the intervention) ( ICH‐GCP 1997).e. the probability that the intervention was within the top two, the probability that the intervention was within the top three, etc. It is recommended that the entire contents of the can be fed or administered as recommended by the veterinarian. g. fibrosis scores reported on the same scale), we calculated the mean difference (MD) with 95% Crl. e. whether the values in different chains mixed very well by visualisation), and ran the models for another 10,000 simulations to obtain effect estimates. For illustration of absolute measures, we used weighted median control group proportion or mean ( Edgeworth 1887).

The certainty of evidence was low or very low for all clinical outcomes because all trials included in the comparisons were at unclear or high risk of bias for at least one risk of bias domain at the outcome level (downgraded one level). If we still did not obtain convergence, we planned to use alternate initial values and priors employing methods suggested by van Valkenhoef 2012.

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The evidence is very uncertain about effects of interventions in any of the remaining comparisons, or data were sparse (with zero events in at least one of the groups), precluding formal calculations of effect estimates. Only 19 trials were at low risk of bias, and because of this, uncertainty about the findings of this review is considerable.e. log odds ratio for binary outcomes, mean difference or standardised mean difference for continuous outcomes, log rate ratio for count outcomes, and log hazard ratio for time‐to‐event outcomes) for any two interventions ('functional parameters') as a function of comparison between each individual intervention and the reference group ('basic parameters') using appropriate likelihood functions and links ( Lu 2006). If we did not obtain convergence, we increased the number of simulations for the 'burn‐in' and used the 'thin' and 'over relax' functions to decrease the autocorrelation.