Quantum Supremacy: How Quantum Computers will Unlock the Mysteries of Science – and Address Humanity’s Biggest Challenges

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Quantum Computing is one of the most revolutionary technologies of our time and could change multiple industries and the fabric of our world, affecting us all.

Benioff, Paul (1980-05-01). "The computer as a physical system: A microscopic quantum mechanical Hamiltonian model of computers as represented by Turing machines". Journal of Statistical Physics. 22 (5): 563–591. Bibcode: 1980JSP....22..563B. doi: 10.1007/BF01011339. ISSN 1572-9613. S2CID 122949592.

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Monroe, C.; Meekhof, D. M.; King, B. E.; Itano, W. M.; Wineland, D. J. (1995-12-18). "Demonstration of a Fundamental Quantum Logic Gate". Physical Review Letters. 75 (25): 4714–4717. Bibcode: 1995PhRvL..75.4714M. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4714. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10059979. So what is it that makes quantum computers so powerful? Well, two key factors contribute to this power. This computing paradigm based upon sending identical photons through a linear-optical network can solve certain sampling and search problems that, assuming a few complexity-theoretical conjectures (that calculating the permanent of Gaussian matrices is #P-Hard and that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse) are intractable for classical computers. [9] However, it has been shown that boson sampling in a system with large enough loss and noise can be simulated efficiently. [75]

a b Shor, P. (1999-01-01). "Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer". SIAM Review. 41 (2): 303–332. arXiv: quant-ph/9508027. Bibcode: 1999SIAMR..41..303S. doi: 10.1137/S0036144598347011. ISSN 0036-1445.

How do quantum computers work?

That’s a good question, one I’ve asked people over the years. On the string theory front, Kaku has been writing misleading popular books on the topic for over 35 years. Most string theorists agree, at least privately, that what he writes and says has become increasingly inaccurate and increasingly embarrassing. They generally however make the argument: “dealing with this is not my responsibility, there’s loads of misleading stuff out there about science. And, maybe it will have a positive effect, getting young people and the public interested in this kind of science, going on to read better books.” A cynical point of view on this would be that you can’t expect people to go out of their way to challenge something untrue which is promoting their own interests. When it gets to the point of damaging their interests, they might do something and we’re not there yet. Conceptually, quantum supremacy involves both the engineering task of building a powerful quantum computer and the computational-complexity-theoretic task of finding a problem that can be solved by that quantum computer and has a superpolynomial speedup over the best known or possible classical algorithm for that task. [7] [8] Metz, Cade (23 October 2019). "Google Claims a Quantum Breakthrough That Could Change Computing". The New York Times . Retrieved 14 January 2020. a b Preskill, John (2012-03-26). "Quantum computing and the entanglement frontier". arXiv: 1203.5813 [ quant-ph]. Rubinstein, Michael (2006-10-19). "The distribution of solutions to xy = N mod a with an application to factoring integers". arXiv: math/0610612.