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Scheier, Michael F.; Carver, Charles S.; Bridges, Michael W. (December 1994). "Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67 (6): 1063–1078. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063. PMID 7815302. Work utilising brain imaging and biochemistry suggests that at a biological trait level, optimism and pessimism reflect brain systems specialised for the tasks of processing and incorporating beliefs regarding good and bad information respectively. [5] Assessment [ edit ] Life Orientation Test [ edit ] Giltay, Erik J.; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Zitman, Frans G.; Buijsse, Brian; Kromhout, Daan (November 2007). "Lifestyle and dietary correlates of dispositional optimism in men: The Zutphen Elderly Study". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 63 (5): 483–490. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.07.014. PMID 17980220. Zullow, H. (1991). "Explanations and Expectations: Understanding the 'Doing' Side of Optimism". Psychological Inquiry. 2 (1): 45–49. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0201_13.

Some sources also distinguish the concept from optimism since it does not focus on how things are going well but on whether things are going as well as possible. [67] See also [ edit ] López, J.; Romero-Moreno, R.; Márquez-González, M.; Losada, A. (2015-04-01). "Anger and Health in Dementia Caregivers: Exploring the Mediation Effect of Optimism". Stress and Health. 31 (2): 158–165. doi: 10.1002/smi.2539. ISSN 1532-2998. PMID 24123699. a b c d e f g Bates, Timothy C. (25 February 2015). "The glass is half full and half empty: A population-representative twin study testing if optimism and pessimism are distinct systems". The Journal of Positive Psychology. 10 (6): 533–542. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1015155. PMC 4637169. PMID 26561494.Popper, Micha; Mayseless, Ofra (2013). "Internal World of Transformational Leaders". In Avolio, Bruce; Yammarino, Francis (eds.). Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. p. 247. ISBN 9781781905999. Explanatory style is distinct from dispositional theories of optimism. While related to life-orientation measures of optimism, attributional style [ clarification needed] theory suggests that dispositional optimism and pessimism are reflections of the ways people explain events, i.e., that attributions cause these dispositions. [19] An optimist would view defeat as temporary, as something that does not apply to other cases, and as something that is not their fault. [20] Measures of attributional style distinguish three dimensions among explanations for events: Whether these explanations draw on internal versus external causes; whether the causes are viewed as stable versus unstable; and whether explanations apply globally versus being situationally specific. In addition, the measures distinguish attributions for positive and negative events.

Here, when you find the unique online store and been attracted by its goods of Hoptimism. Meanwhile, you can use its huge discount codes of Hoptimism when you choose the favorite goods for the first time at Hoptimism. Thus, it is the best time for you to buy some of Hoptimism whatever you like at hoptimism.co.uk. Rescher, Nicholas (2013). Being and Value and Other Philosophical Essays. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag. p.11. ISBN 978-3-938793-88-6. Kim, Eric S.; Park, Nansook; Peterson, Christopher (October 2011). "Dispositional Optimism Protects Older Adults From Stroke: The Health And Retirement Study". Stroke. 42 (10): 2855–2859. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.613448. PMID 21778446. Rescher, Nicholas (2010). Axiogenesis: An Essay in Metaphysical Optimalism. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. p.41. ISBN 978-0-7391-4932-4. Pubs have also been badly hit. The Saye and Sele Arms – Broughton village’s only pub in Oxfordshire – recently shut down, as did the Ship​ in Southwark, central London.Leibniz proposed that it was not God's power to create a perfect world, but he created the best among possible worlds. [55] In one of his writings, he responded to Blaise Pascal's philosophy of awe and desperation in the face of the infinite by claiming that infinity should be celebrated. While Pascal advocated for making man's rational aspirations more humble, Leibniz was optimistic about the capacity of human reason to extend itself further. [56]

Positive mental attitude Half a glass of water, illustration of two different mental attitudes, optimism (half full) and pessimism (half empty)There is much debate about the relationship between explanatory style and optimism. Some researchers argue that optimism is simply the lay-term for what researchers know as explanatory style. [23] More commonly, it is found that explanatory style is distinct from dispositional optimism, [24] so the two should not be used interchangeably as they are marginally correlated at best. More research is required to "bridge" or further differentiate these concepts. [21] Origins [ edit ] Optimistic personality (modified from [4]) Giltay, Erik J.; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Zitman, Frans G.; Hoekstra, Tiny; Schouten, Evert G. (November 2004). "Dispositional Optimism and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality ina Prospective Cohort of Elderly Dutch Men and Women". Archives of General Psychiatry. 61 (11): 1126–35. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1126. PMID 15520360. a b c Ben-Shahar, Tal (11 March 2009). The Pursuit of Perfect: How to Stop Chasing Perfection and Start Living a Richer, Happier Life. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-07-160882-4 . Retrieved 26 July 2011.

Liu, Caimei; Bates, Timothy C. (2014-08-01). "The structure of attributional style: Cognitive styles and optimism–pessimism bias in the Attributional Style Questionnaire". Personality and Individual Differences. 66: 79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.022. Another study conducted by Aspinwall and Taylor (1990) [ full citation needed] assessed incoming freshmen on a range of personality factors such as optimism, self-esteem, locus of self-control, etc. [42] Freshmen who scored high on optimism before entering college had lower levels of psychological distress than their more pessimistic peers while controlling for the other personality factors. Over time, the more optimistic students were less stressed, less lonely, and less depressed than their pessimistic counterparts. This study suggests a strong link between optimism and psychological well-being. Parker, W. D.; Adkins, K. K. (1994), "Perfectionism and the gifted", Roeper Review, 17 (3): 173–176, doi: 10.1080/02783199509553653 a b Sharot, Tali (December 2011). "The optimism bias". Current Biology. 21 (23): R941–R945. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.030. PMID 22153158. Abramson, L.; Dykman, B.; Needles, D. (1991). "Attributional Style and Theory: Let No One Tear Them Asunder". Psychological Inquiry. 2 (1): 11–13. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0201_2.a b "Positive thinking: Stop negative self-talk to reduce stress". Mayo Clinic. March 4, 2014. Archived from the original on September 16, 2014 . Retrieved September 18, 2014. A meta-analysis of optimism supported findings that optimism is positively correlated with life satisfaction, happiness, [45] [ bettersourceneeded] and psychological and physical well-being, and negatively correlated with depression and anxiety. [46]