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Woolgar, S., & Pawluch, D. (1985). Ontological gerrymandering: The anatomy of social problems explanations*. Social Problems, 32(3), 214–227. Tulloch AJ, Murray S, Vaicekonyte R, Avena NM. Neural responses to macronutrients: hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms. Gastroenterology. 2015; 148:1205–1218. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Gold MS, Sternbach HA. Endorphins in obesity and in the regulation of appetite and weight. Integr Psychiatry. 1984; 2:203–207. [ Google Scholar] The YFAS has been employed in a considerable number of studies in the past 6 years, which show that individuals with a food addiction “diagnosis” can be differentiated from those without a “diagnosis” on numerous variables ranging from self-report measures of eating pathology, psychopathology, emotion regulation, or impulsivity to physiological and behavioral measures such as a multilocus genetic profile associated with dopaminergic signaling or motor responses to high-calorie food-cues [ 62]. Although the YFAS has proved to be a useful tool for the investigation of addictive-like eating, it is, of course, not perfect and its validity has been questioned [ 84]. For example, it has been found that approximately 50 percent of obese adults with BED receive a YFAS diagnosis and that these individuals show higher eating-related and general psychopathology than obese adults with BED who do not receive a YFAS diagnosis [ 85, 86]. In the light of these findings, it has been argued that food addiction as measured with the YFAS may merely represent a more severe form of BED [ 87, 88]. Furthermore, the food addiction model continues to be a heavily debated topic with some researchers strongly supporting its validity [ 3, 7, 21, 89- 91], while others argue against it based on different physiological effects of drugs of abuse and specific nutrients such as sugar, conceptual considerations, and other issues [ 84, 92- 97]. Most recently, it has been proposed that even if there is a kind of eating behavior that may be called an addiction, the term food addiction is misguided as there is no clear addictive agent, and, thus, it should be rather considered as a behavioral addiction (i.e., “eating addiction”) [ 98].

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F. Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2008; 363:3191–3200. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Simons, P. (2004). Criticism, renewal and the future of metaphysics. Richmond Journal of Philosophy, 6, 1–9. Krashes MJ, Kravitz AV. Optogenetic and chemogenetic insights into the food addiction hypothesis. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014; 8(57):1–9. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Gieryn, T. F. (2022). Cultural boundaries of science: Credibility on the line. University of Chicago Press. Falguera, J. L., Martínez-Vidal, C., & Rosen, G. (2022). Abstract objects. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Stanford University.

Another recurring theme seems to concern the measurement of food addiction. As stated above, there were some studies in the 1990s in which food addiction was based on self-identification. This issue was taken up again in recent studies, which show that there is a large mismatch between food addiction classification based on the YFAS and self-perceived food addiction [ 111, 112], thus implying that individuals’ own definition or experience of food addiction is not consistent with the substance use model proposed by the YFAS. Although researchers do not agree about the precise definitions of food addiction symptoms yet [ 84, 113], it appears that standardized measures such as the YFAS are necessary to prevent over-classification of food addiction. Although the rationale behind the YFAS, namely translating substance dependence criteria of the DSM to food and eating, is straightforward, it also has been criticized as it differs from definitions that other researchers have about addiction [ 93, 98]. Thus, an important future direction may be if and how food addiction can be measured in humans other than using the YFAS. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Food addiction - an examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence. J Addict Med. 2009; 3:1–7. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Woolgar, S. (2022). The value of strident agnosticism: Dorothy Pawluch and the endurance of ontological gerrymandering. The American Sociologist, 53(2), 176–187. Transformation Maps are a great way to gain alignment with key stakeholders about the integrated plan to achieve a long term goal.

The aims of this article are twofold. First, we develop a diagnosis of the complex relations between ontology in anthropology and philosophy, arguing that they are neither homonyms nor synonyms. Second, we show how this diagnosis can foster interdisciplinary communication and dialogue. Taddei and Haines ( 2019) demonstrate that equivocation with respect to key concepts is a serious concern of interdisciplinary inquiry. In the case of ontology in anthropology and philosophy, Graeber ( 2017) argues that the meanings of ontology are drastically inconsistent, which obfuscates the understanding of what ontological anthropology sets out to do and whether in fact it delivers on any of its promises. Footnote 2 Pace Graeber, we argue that different uses of ontology in anthropology and philosophy are not just a case of homonymy but can be related in productive ways. Instead of replacing Graeber’s claim of simple homonyms with a claim of simple synonyms, we develop a diagnosis of complex relations between meanings of ontology in both fields. As uses of ontology in anthropology and philosophy involve tangled patterns of similarity and difference, we show that these relations exhibit productive tensions that can ground interdisciplinary collaboration at the intersection of empirical and philosophical concerns. Saunders, D. (2020). Optimism for naturalized social metaphysics: A reply to Hawley. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 50(2), 138–160. Grosshans M, Loeber S, Kiefer F. Implications from addiction research towards the understanding and treatment of obesity. Addict Biol. 2011; 16:189–198. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Ludwig, D. (2021). New work for a critical metaphysics of race. In L. Lorusso & R. W. Grønfeldt (Eds.), Remapping race in a global context (pp. 184–203). Routledge.Anthropology … is akin to philosophy …, but differs from philosophy (at least as practiced by the majority of professional philosophers) in that it does its philosophizing in the world, in conversation with its diverse inhabitants rather than in arcane reflections on an already established literary canon” (Ingold, 2017, p. 24). It is becoming increasingly recognized that philosophy needs to be engaging with the material issues of practice and empirical reality of plurality. This paper emerged from our experience as scholars of “philosophy of science in practice” (Ankeny et al., 2011; Boon, 2017) involved in an interdisciplinary research project focusing on the relation between metaphysics and the practical dimension of knowledge diversity. Footnote 7 In the course of our research, we became aware of the scale of interest Footnote 8 in ontology in the context of social difference in the social sciences, and anthropology in particular. Yet early on we came to realize that while the input of the anthropological investigations of this topic was very relevant to our own work, the usage of the term ontology in these texts was far from clear. Therefore, to meaningfully engage with this literature, we had to understand how this ontology relates to philosophical ontology, and the current work is the result of this investigation. Bertelsen, B. E., & Bendixsen, S. (2017). Critical anthropological engagements in human alterity and difference. Springer.

Swanson DW, Dinello FA. Follow-up of patients starved for obesity. Psychosom Med. 1970; 32:209–214. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] De la Cadena, M. (2019). An invitation to live together: Making the “Complex We.” Environmental Humanities, 11(2), 477–484. By popular demand, CAD Schroer has now created an eServices portal, allowing users to create DXF or PDF files from their MEDUSA4 designs for a very small fee, which can then be used commercially. Soonachan, Irwin (19 Nov 1997). "Rap pioneer hops out of retirement". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Cue. p.1.

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Marrazzi MA, Luby ED. An auto-addiction opioid model of chronic anorexia nervosa. lnt J Eat Disord. 1986; 5:191–208. [ Google Scholar] Viveiros de Castro, E. (2015). Who is afraid of the ontological wolf?: Some comments on an ongoing anthropological debate. The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, 33(1), 2–17.

Wise J. Endorphins and metabolic control in the obese: a mechanism for food addiction. J Obes Weight Reg. 1981; 1:165–181. [ Google Scholar] Considering that the meanings of the key term are different, are ontological discourses under investigation developing in parallel and therefore do the exchanges amount to simple equivocations? We do not see it this way and in this section, we present an argument for why this is the case. Pelchat ML, Johnson A, Chan R, Valdez J, Ragland JD. Images of desire: food-craving activation during fMRI. Neuroimage. 2004; 23:1486–1493. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] There will also be one of the biggest fur and feather sections in the county, and the farmer's market is returning by popular demand. Schulte EM, Avena NM, Gearhardt AN. Which foods may be addictive? The roles of processing, fat content, and glycemic load. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(2):e0117959. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]Bell RG. A method of clinical orientation to alcohol addiction. Can Med Assoc J. 1960; 83:1346–1352. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

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