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Digital Sin - Wonderland

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As shown in the examples above, the choice of sine/cosine-to-digital conversion method can have a large effect on the application performance. Speed of conversion, resolution, accuracy, and latency all must be considered in determining the performance of the control loop. However, the accuracy of the interpolated position/angle output is typically not dependent on the SDC converter’s resolution, but rather on the resolution of the signal conditioning circuitry or algorithms, the stability of the analog signal path, and the quality of the sensor signals. Literature Optical or magnetic sensors for position and angle sensing in motion control systems generally provide sine and cosine signals for conversion. The 90° phase shift between sine and cosine allows determination of the position or angle within the 360° input cycle, as well as the direction of rotation or movement. For resolutions in the micrometer or sub-arc minute range, precise interpolation of the sine and cosine signals is necessary. This sine/cosine-to-digital conversion (SDC) can be performed in several ways, either in hardware or software. For high-precision results, the quality of the signal conditioning and of the S/D conversion is of major importance. In the following, several SDC (interpolation) methods are analyzed and compared, and accuracy results are discussed. Sensor Signal Path with S/D Conversion UK Science and Innovation Network ( SIN) impact stories show the impact of the work that SIN is leading around the world, including these examples: actively building and facilitating science, technology and innovation collaborations of value to the UK The SIN has approximately 130 staff in over 65 locations across the world building partnerships and collaborations on science, technology and innovation. SIN staff work with local science and innovation organisations in support of UK policy abroad, to benefit both the UK and the host country. What the SIN does

The interpolator implements the S/D conversion and outputs its result via one of several output interfaces. This digital output can be read directly by a local microcontroller or transmitted via line drivers to a remote control system. Typical Methods of Sine/Cosine-to-Digital Conversion The interpolator is responsible for the non-linear A/D conversion that transforms the sine/cosine signals into position or angle steps (see Figure 2). These steps are then output either incrementally as quadrature square-wave signals (which include direction information), or as a data word representing the absolute angle within the 360° input cycle. Fine adjustments for offset, gain match, and phase corrections are applied digitally using the full 16-bit resolution of the DSP. This provides an extremely small step size (e.g. 0.056°/step for phase correction with iC-TW8) for signal conditioning. A sophisticated drift monitoring algorithm detects deviations from the factory calibration settings and can be configured to activate an alarm for early warning of impending failures. Got any questions for us about eSign and how it works? We’ve covered a few of our most frequently asked questions about the tool right here. But if you can’t find what you’re looking for, just get in touch and we’ll help you out. Totally! Smallpdf and its tools are ISO/IEC 27001 certified as well as compliant with GDPR and eIDAS. Our document processing comes with advanced TLS encryption, so all your file transfers are secure. You also get free document storage when you create an account.The DSP interpolator is preferred for modular industrial encoders and high-resolution linear length gauges, and extreme environment applications where the automatic error correction and filtering features are especially useful. Digital Signal Conditioning Sophisticated digital filtering makes it possible to achieve position/angle resolution that exceeds the A/D converter resolution. The synthesized incremental output signals show perfect 50% duty cycle and are nearly jitter-free with low-distortion sensor inputs. However, since a DSP is a sampled data system, there is a fixed time delay (latency) between input and output of a few microseconds, which may need to be considered in high-gain control systems. In most industrial control systems, this latency is of little consequence because of the load inertia involved. However, the position/angle lag caused by the latency when running at constant speed can be an issue. In this case, sophisticated signal processing algorithms in the DSP can be used reduce the lag by a factor of 6. Our thematic priorities are imbedded throughout the 3 objectives. The thematic focus is different for each country, reflecting differing UK priorities by region and country, and local context and opportunities:

In the DSP interpolator’s analog signal path, the Programmable Gain Amplifiers (PGAs) provide only coarse adjustments for gain (typically 3 dB/step) and offset (typically 100 mV/step) to get the input signals into a favorable range for A/D conversion (see Figure 5). SIN is organised into 4 regions: Europe; Asia Pacific; India, Middle East and Africa; and Americas. Europe DSP conversion, which digitizes the sine and cosine signals individually and calculates the arc tangent function in a Digital Signal Processor using a CORDIC or other numerical algorithm. The non-linear function usually used for Sine/Cosine-to-Digital conversion is the arc tangent, which calculates the output angle directly from the conditioned sine and cosine signals (see Figure 2). Many different A/D conversion methods can be used to implement the arc tangent function, depending on the application requirements:Sensors in electronic position and angle measurement work on optical, magnetic, inductive, or capacitive principles. Optical sensors with LED light source and code disc are very common, as are magnetic GMR/AMR/Hall sensors using a dipole magnet or multi-pole wheel [1]. As shown in Figure 1, these sensors usually provide a sine and a cosine signal directly. Because they do not always provide perfect sine/cosine signals, the sensor outputs must be conditioned before interpolation to allow high accuracy results. The goal of this conditioning is to provide—as nearly as is possible—sine/cosine waves with equal amplitude, zero offset, and precisely 90° phase shift. Programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) and/or lookup tables are often used to provide the required amplitude balancing (gain correction), offset compensation, and phase correction.

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