Crystal Magnets for Refrigerator Set of 4, - Crystal Decor Magnetic Stones, Strong Office, Kitchen Fridge Magnet Set, Large Positive Energy Healing Crystals Gift Set (Multi - Unique Crystals)

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Ferromagnetism is found in many insulators as well as metals. Chromium bromide (CrBr 3) is an insulator since chromium is trivalent and a bromine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell. The trivalent chromium atoms each have a moment, and these align ferromagnetically below the Curie temperature of 37 K. Gadolinium chloride (GdCl 3; T c = 2.2 K) and europium oxide (EuO; T c = 77 K) are two other examples among many. Antiferromagnetic materials

Tang W, Zhang Y, Hadjipanayis GC, Kronmüller H. Influence of Zr and Cu content on the microstructure and coercivity in Sm(Co balFe 0.1Cu yZr x) 8.5 magnets. J Appl Phys. 2000;87(9):5308. Yu NJ, Zhu MG, Song LW, Fang YK, Song KK, Wang Q, Li W. Coercivity temperature dependence of Sm 2Co 17-type sintered magnets with different cell and cell boundary microchemistry. J Magn Magn Mater. 2018;452:272. Walmer MS, Chen CH, Walmer MH. A new class of Sm-TM magnets for operating temperatures up to 550 °C. IEEE Trans Magn. 2000;36(5):3376. Horiuchi Y, Hagiwara M, Okamoto K, Kobayashi T, Endo M, Kobayashi T, Sakurada S. Effect of pre-aging treatment on the microstructure and magnetic properties of Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) 7.8 sintered magnets. Mater Trans. 2014;55(3):482.Liu JF, Zhang Y, Dimitrov D, Hadjipanayis GC. Microstructure and high temperature magnetic properties of Sm(Co, Cu, Fe, Zr) z ( z = 6.7–9.1) permanent magnets. J Appl Phys. 1999;85(5):2800. Bulyk II, Burkhovetskyy VV. Variation in microstructure of ground SmCo 5 alloy during disproportionation in hydrogen and recombination. Powder Metall Met Ceram. 2016;54(9–10):614.

Liu D, Liu XM, Liu GQ, Song XY. Phase stability and magnetic performance of nanocrystalline Sm–Co supersaturated solid solution. Sci China Technol Sci. 2018;61(1):129. Liu S, Yang J, Doyle G, Potts G, Kuhl GE. Abnormal temperature dependence of intrinsic coercivity in sintered Sm–Co-based permanent magnets. J Appl Phys. 2000;87(9):6728.Duerrschnabel M, Yi M, Uestuener K, Liesegang M, Katter M, Kleebe HJ, Molina-Luna L. Atomic structure and domain wall pinning in samarium-cobalt-based permanent magnets. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):54. Individual ions with fixed magnetic moments may cooperatively align their moments, resulting in the presence of magnetic properties of the crystal as a whole. Ferromagnet crystals have the magnetic moments from all their constituent ions aligned in the same direction; the magnetic moment of the crystal is the summation of the individual moments of the ions. There must be a magnetic force between the different ions that causes them to cooperatively align their moments. This force is also due to electron exchange. The d-orbitals from neighbouring ions overlap weakly into covalent bonds. The d-electrons on the separate ions are shared with the neighbour through covalent bonding. The electron exchange will tend to align the spins on the two neighbours. Aligning all pairs of neighbours aligns all ions. The exchange force between neighbours is much weaker than the force within the atomic shell of one ion. Although weak, the force is sufficient to cause ferromagnetism. Ferromagnetic materials

Yue M, Zhang JX, Zhang DT, Pan LJ, Liu XB, Altounian Z. Structure, and magnetic properties of bulk nanocrystalline SmCo 6.6Nb 0.4 permanent magnets. Appl Phys Lett. 2007;90(24):242506. Liu S, Potts G, Doyle G, Yang J, Kuhl GE, Chen C, Walmer MS. Effect of z value on high temperature performance of Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) z with z = 7.14–8.10. IEEE Trans Magn. 2000;36(5):3297. Zhang TL, Zhang B, Wang H, Jiang CB, Zhang ZH, Wang XQ, Zhang W. Low remanence temperature coefficient Sm 1− xEr x(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) z magnets operating up to 400 °C. Rare Met. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-019-01223-4.Liu JF, Ding Y, Hadjipanayis GC. Effect of iron on the high temperature magnetic properties and microstructure of Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) z permanent magnets. J Appl Phys. 1999;85(3):1670. Eldosouky A, Ikram A, Mehmood MF, Xu X, Šturm S, Rožman KŽ, Škulj I. Hydrogen decrepitation and spark plasma sintering to produce recycled SmCo 5 magnets with high coercivity. IEEE Magn Lett. 2018;9:1. Yu NJ, Zhu MG, Fang YK, Song LW, Sun W, Song KK, Li W. The microstructure and magnetic characteristics of Sm(Co balFe 0.1Cu 0.09Zr 0.03) 7.24 high temperature permanent magnets. Scr Mater. 2017;132:44.