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Sea frogs for Olympus TG-6 195FT/60M Underwater Camera Waterproof Diving housing (Housing + Red Filter)

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a b Minott, Kevin (2010-05-15). "How frogs jump". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04 . Retrieved 2012-06-10. Long, David R. (1989). "Energetics and reproduction in female Scaphiopus multiplicatus from Western Texas". Journal of Herpetology. 23 (2): 176–179. doi: 10.2307/1564026. JSTOR 1564026. In many arboreal frogs, a small "intercalary structure" on each toe increases the surface area touching the substrate. Furthermore, many arboreal frogs have hip joints that allow both hopping and walking. Some frogs that live high in trees even possess an elaborate degree of webbing between their toes. This allows the frogs to "parachute" or make a controlled glide from one position in the canopy to another. [54]

During the evolutionary history of frogs, several different groups have independently taken to the air. [124] Some frogs in the tropical rainforest are specially adapted for gliding from tree to tree or parachuting to the forest floor. Typical of them is Wallace's flying frog ( Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) from Malaysia and Borneo. It has large feet with the fingertips expanded into flat adhesive discs and the digits fully webbed. Flaps of skin occur on the lateral margins of the limbs and across the tail region. With the digits splayed, the limbs outstretched, and these flaps spread, it can glide considerable distances, but is unable to undertake powered flight. [125] It can alter its direction of travel and navigate distances of up to 15m (50ft) between trees. [126] Life history Life cycle of the green froga b c Badger, David; Netherton, John (1995). Frogs. Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp.31–35. ISBN 978-1-85310-740-5. Frogs have a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain, spinal cord and nerves. Many parts of frog brains correspond with those of humans. It consists of two olfactory lobes, two cerebral hemispheres, a pineal body, two optic lobes, a cerebellum and a medulla oblongata. Muscular coordination and posture are controlled by the cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata regulates respiration, digestion and other automatic functions. The relative size of the cerebrum in frogs is much smaller than it is in humans. Frogs have ten pairs of cranial nerves which pass information from the outside directly to the brain, and ten pairs of spinal nerves which pass information from the extremities to the brain through the spinal cord. [76] By contrast, all amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) have twelve pairs of cranial nerves. [79] Close-up of frog's head showing eye, nostril, mouth, and tympanum Sight Very few fossil remains of frogfishes have been found. In the northern Italian formation at Monte Bolca, formed from the sedimentation of the Tethys Ocean in the middle Eocene (45 million years ago), a 3-cm (1.2in) fossil named Histionotophorus bassani was initially described as a frogfish, but was later thought to belong to the closely related extant genus Brachionichthys or handfish. In 2005, a fossil from Miocene Algeria (3 to 23 million years ago), Antennarius monodi, is the first proven fossil frogfish, believed to be most closely related to the extant Senegalese frogfish. [14] In 2009, a new fossil from the upper Ypresian Stage of the early Eocene found in Monte Bolca, Italy was described as a new species, Eophryne barbuttii, and is the oldest known member of the family. [15] Taxonomy [ edit ] Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut; Lee, Ping (1962). "Kidney function in the crab-eating frog ( Rana cancrivora)" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 39 (1): 167–177. doi: 10.1242/jeb.39.1.167. PMID 13908824.

In this article, Laurence Jarvis (Head of Conservation at Froglife), takes a closer look at salt tolerance in amphibians… Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl: 2246/5781. S2CID 86140137. Frogs are used in cloning research and other branches of embryology. Although alternative pregnancy tests have been developed, biologists continue to use Xenopus as a model organism in developmental biology because their embryos are large and easy to manipulate, they are readily obtainable, and can easily be kept in the laboratory. [224] Xenopus laevis is increasingly being displaced by its smaller relative, Xenopus tropicalis, which reaches its reproductive age in five months rather than the one to two years for X. laevis, [225] thus facilitating faster studies across generations.frosh | frosk, n.1.". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Evans, S. E.; Jones, M. E. H.; Krause, D. W. (2008). "A giant frog with South American affinities from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (8): 2951–2956. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..105.2951E. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707599105. PMC 2268566. PMID 18287076. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). " {{{1}}} biocellatus " in FishBase. Sep 2009 version. Joel, Lucas (2020-04-23). "Fossil Shows Cold-Blooded Frogs Lived on Warm Antarctica". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23 . Retrieved 2020-05-13.

G. Carnevale1 & T.W. Pietsch: Filling the gap: a fossil frogfish, genus Antennarius (Teleostei, Lophiiformes, Antennariidae), from the Miocene of Algeria Abstract [ dead link] Roček, Z. (2000). "14. Mesozoic Amphibians" (PDF). In Heatwole, H.; Carroll, R. L. (eds.). Amphibian Biology: Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians. Vol.4. Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp.1295–1331. ISBN 978-0-949324-87-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.Cochran, Doris Mabel (1961). Living Amphibians of the World. Doubleday. p.112. ISBN 978-0-241-90338-4. Frost, S. W. (1932). "Notes on feeding and molting in frogs". The American Naturalist. 66 (707): 530–540. doi: 10.1086/280458. JSTOR 2456779. S2CID 84796411.

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