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Komodo Reptile Scales

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Antediluvian monster", a Mosasaurus discovered in a Maastricht limestone quarry, 1770 (contemporary engraving) a b Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x. Reptiles are generally considered less intelligent than mammals and birds. [29] The size of their brain relative to their body is much less than that of mammals, the encephalization quotient being about one tenth of that of mammals, [122] though larger reptiles can show more complex brain development. Larger lizards, like the monitors, are known to exhibit complex behavior, including cooperation [123] and cognitive abilities allowing them to optimize their foraging and territoriality over time. [124] Crocodiles have relatively larger brains and show a fairly complex social structure. The Komodo dragon is even known to engage in play, [125] as are turtles, which are also considered to be social creatures, [126] and sometimes switch between monogamy and promiscuity in their sexual behavior. [ citation needed] One study found that wood turtles were better than white rats at learning to navigate mazes. [127] Another study found that giant tortoises are capable of learning through operant conditioning, visual discrimination and retained learned behaviors with long-term memory. [128] Sea turtles have been regarded as having simple brains, but their flippers are used for a variety of foraging tasks (holding, bracing, corralling) in common with marine mammals. [129] The close of the Cretaceous period saw the demise of the Mesozoic era reptilian megafauna (see the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, also known as K-Textinction event). Of the large marine reptiles, only sea turtles were left; and of the non-marine large reptiles, only the semi-aquatic crocodiles and broadly similar choristoderes survived the extinction, with last members of the latter, the lizard-like Lazarussuchus, becoming extinct in the Miocene. [59] Of the great host of dinosaurs dominating the Mesozoic, only the small beaked birds survived. This dramatic extinction pattern at the end of the Mesozoic led into the Cenozoic. Mammals and birds filled the empty niches left behind by the reptilian megafauna and, while reptile diversification slowed, bird and mammal diversification took an exponential turn. [43] However, reptiles were still important components of the megafauna, particularly in the form of large and giant tortoises. [60] [61]

The dinosaurs featured in books, films, television programs, artwork, and other media have been used for both education and entertainment. The depictions range from the realistic, as in the television documentaries of the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, to the fantastic, as in the monster movies of the 1950s and 1960s. [148] [150] [151] Boulenger, George A., (1890), The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor and Francis, London. a b c d e f g h Are snakes slimy? at Singapore Zoological Garden's Docent. Retrieved 14 August 2006. Huxley, T.H. (1863). "The structure and classification of the Mammalia". Medical Times and Gazette. Hunterian lectures. Axelsson, Michael; Craig E. Franklin (1997). "From anatomy to angioscopy: 164 years of crocodilian cardiovascular research, recent advances, and speculations". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 188 (1): 51–62. doi: 10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00255-1.

What Are the Adaptations a Lizard Has That Allow It to Live in the Desert?

While scales are an integral part of reptile taxonomy, the terminology is not entirely consistent. For instance, the scales between the nostrils are sometimes called supranasals [3] and sometimes internasals. Deaths from snakebites are uncommon in many parts of the world, but are still counted in tens of thousands per year in India. [159] Snakebite can be treated with antivenom made from the venom of the snake. To produce antivenom, a mixture of the venoms of different species of snake is injected into the body of a horse in ever-increasing dosages until the horse is immunized. Blood is then extracted; the serum is separated, purified and freeze-dried. [160] The cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being researched as a potential treatment for cancers. [161] Tsuji, L.A.; Müller, J. (2009). "Assembling the History of the Parareptilia: Phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade". Fossil Record. 12 (1): 71–81. Bibcode: 2009FossR..12...71T. doi: 10.1002/mmng.200800011. The scales on the top of lizard and snake heads has also been called pileus, after the Latin word for cap, referring to the fact that these scales sit on the skull like a cap. [2] Lizard scales [ edit ] Lizard head scales, from Boulenger 1890: 168. [3]

Cisneros, Juan C.; Damiani, Ross; Schultz, Cesar; daRosa, Átila; Schwanke, Cibele; Neto, Leopoldo W.; Aurélio, Pedro L.P. (2004). "A procolophonoid reptile with temporal fenestration from the middle Triassic of Brazil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 271 (1547): 1541–1546. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2748. PMC 1691751. PMID 15306328. An older snake may shed its skin only once or twice a year, but a younger, still-growing snake, may shed up to four times a year. [18] The discarded skin gives a perfect imprint of the scale pattern and it is usually possible to identify the snake if this discard is reasonably complete and intact. [9] Arrangement of scales [ edit ] Nomenclature of head scales (top view of head) a b Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. (1998). "Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 95 (24): 14226–14231. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...9514226Z. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226. PMC 24355. PMID 9826682. Early in the period, the modern reptiles, or crown-group reptiles, evolved and split into two main lineages: the Archosauromorpha (forebears of turtles, crocodiles, and dinosaurs) and the Lepidosauromorpha (predecessors of modern lizards and tuataras). Both groups remained lizard-like and relatively small and inconspicuous during the Permian.

Reptile facts

Lizards such as the Gila monster produce toxins with medical applications. Gila toxin reduces plasma glucose; the substance is now synthesised for use in the anti- diabetes drug exenatide (Byetta). [162] Another toxin from Gila monster saliva has been studied for use as an anti- Alzheimer's drug. [163] See also: Skull roof Reptiles, from Nouveau Larousse Illustré, 1897–1904, notice the inclusion of amphibians (below the crocodiles) Mallow D., Ludwig D., Nilson G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2. Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2012)" (PDF). IUCN Red List (Report). IUCN. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2013 . Retrieved January 30, 2013.

Many lepidosaurs have a photosensory organ on the top of their heads called the parietal eye, which are also called third eye, pineal eye or pineal gland. This "eye" does not work the same way as a normal eye does as it has only a rudimentary retina and lens and thus, cannot form images. It is, however, sensitive to changes in light and dark and can detect movement. [112]Snakes have been part and parcel of culture and religion. Vivid scale patterns have been thought to have influenced early art. The use of snake-skin in manufacture of purses, apparel and other articles led to large-scale killing of snakes, giving rise to advocacy for use of artificial snake-skin. Snake scales are also to be found as motifs in fiction, art and films. The earliest known proto-reptiles originated around 312 million years ago during the Carboniferous period, having evolved from advanced reptiliomorph tetrapods which became increasingly adapted to life on dry land. The earliest known eureptile ("true reptile") was Hylonomus, a small and superficially lizard-like animal. Genetic and fossil data argues that the two largest lineages of reptiles, Archosauromorpha (crocodilians, birds, and kin) and Lepidosauromorpha (lizards, and kin), diverged near the end of the Permian period. [4] In addition to the living reptiles, there are many diverse groups that are now extinct, in some cases due to mass extinction events. In particular, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event wiped out the pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, and all non-avian dinosaurs alongside many species of crocodyliforms, and squamates (e.g., mosasaurs). Modern non-bird reptiles inhabit all the continents except Antarctica. However, microsaurs have been at times considered true reptiles, so an earlier origin is possible. [41] Rise of the reptiles [ edit ]

Scale arrangements are important, not only for taxonomic utility, but also for forensic reasons and conservation of snake species. [19] Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the World: Encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age. Chicago, IL / London, UK: The University of Chicago Press. pp.223, 377. ISBN 9780226260709. Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p.62. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1. AZ Animals is a growing team of animals experts, researchers, farmers, conservationists, writers, editors, and -- of course -- pet owners who have come together to help you better understand the animal kingdom and how we interact. Reptiles: Different Types, Definition, Photos, and More FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

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Klein, Wilfied; Abe, Augusto; Andrade, Denis; Perry, Steven (2003). "Structure of the posthepatic septum and its influence on visceral topology in the tegu lizard, Tupinambis merianae (Teidae: Reptilia)". Journal of Morphology. 258 (2): 151–157. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10136. PMID 14518009. S2CID 9901649. a b Sander, P. Martin (2012). "Reproduction in early amniotes". Science. 337 (6096): 806–808. Bibcode: 2012Sci...337..806S. doi: 10.1126/science.1224301. PMID 22904001. S2CID 7041966. At the end of the ventral scales of the snake is a cloacal plate that protects the opening to the cloaca (a shared opening for waste and reproductive material to pass) on the underside near the tail. This scale has also been the anal scale, which is a misnomer since it does not cover an anus but a cloaca. This cloacal scale may be single or paired. Most authors have differentiated between single and divided cloacal scales. However, based on the origin of scales during development, a scale does not spontaneously divide, but it originates as paired structures that subsequently overlap. The part of the body beyond the cloacal scale is considered to be the tail. [13]

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