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Jowisz Decorative Folding Chess Set

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J.H.Rogers. Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions.„Journal of the British Astronomical Association”.108,s.9–28,1998. Bibcode: 1998JBAA..108....9R. ( ang.). Nachylenie osi obrotu Jowisza jest stosunkowo niewielkie – tylko 3,13° [1]. W wyniku tego na planecie nie zachodzą wyraźne zmiany pór roku, w przeciwieństwie na przykład do Ziemi i Marsa [56].

Jupiter's mass is 318 times that of Earth; [2] 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. It is so massive that its barycentre with the Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's centre. [54] [55] :6 Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun, [56] and its mass is one thousandth the mass of the Sun, as the densities of the two bodies are similar. [57] A " Jupiter mass" ( M J or M Jup) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. For example, the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of 0.69 M J, while the brown dwarf Gliese 229 b has a mass of 60.4 M J. [58] [59] The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial solar nebula. [48] Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun. [49] Jupiter's helium abundance is about 80% that of the Sun due to precipitation of these elements as helium-rich droplets, a process that happens deep in the planet's interior. [50] [51] W.F.Denning. Jupiter, early history of the great red spot on.„Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society”.59,s.574–584,1899. Bibcode: 1899MNRAS..59..574D. ( ang.). K.I.; Wordsworth, R. (2019). "Jupiter's Composition Suggests its Core Assembled Exterior to the N_{2} Snowline". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (5). arXiv: 1909.11246. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab46a8. S2CID 202749962.Guillot, Tristan (1999). "Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System" (PDF). Science. 286 (5437): 72–77. Bibcode: 1999Sci...286...72G. doi: 10.1126/science.286.5437.72. PMID 10506563. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 . Retrieved April 24, 2022.

Film poklatkowy ze zbliżenia Voyagera I do Jowisza, pokazujący ruch pasów i stref w atmosferze planety, a także obrót Wielkiej Czerwonej Plamy. Film w pełnej rozdzielczości: 600×600 pikseli. Jupiter is the only planet whose barycentre with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, though by only 7% of the Sun's radius. [128] [129] The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778millionkm (5.2 AU) and it completes an orbit every 11.86years. This is approximately two-fifths the orbital period of Saturn, forming a near orbital resonance. [130] The orbital plane of Jupiter is inclined 1.30° compared to Earth. Because the eccentricity of its orbit is 0.049, Jupiter is slightly over 75millionkm nearer the Sun at perihelion than aphelion, [2] which means that its orbit is nearly circular. This low eccentricity is at odds with exoplanet discoveries, which have revealed Jupiter-sized planets with very high eccentricities. Models suggest this may be due to there being only two giant planets in our Solar System, as the presence of a third or more giant planets tends to induce larger eccentricities. [131] The axial tilt of Jupiter is relatively small, only 3.13°, so its seasons are insignificant compared to those of Earth and Mars. [132] Juno completed 12 orbits before the end of its budgeted mission plan, ending July 2018. [183] In June of that year, NASA extended the mission operations plan to July 2021, and in January of that year the mission was extended to September 2025 with four lunar flybys: one of Ganymede, one of Europa, and two of Io. [184] [185] When Juno reaches the end of the mission, it will perform a controlled deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere. This will avoid the risk of collision with Jupiter's moons. [186] [187] Cancelled missions and future plans Other proposed missions include the Chinese National Space Administration's Tianwen-4 mission which aims to launch an orbiter to the Jovian system and possibly Callisto around 2035, [194] and CNSA's Interstellar Express [195] and NASA's Interstellar Probe, [196] which would both use Jupiter's gravity to help them reach the edges of the heliosphere.PaulDong: China’s Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People’s Republic.China Books,2002. ISBN 0-8351-2676-5. ( ang.). brak strony w książce a b Batygin, Konstantin (2015). "Jupiter's decisive role in the inner Solar System's early evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (14): 4214–4217. arXiv: 1503.06945. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.4214B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1423252112. PMC 4394287. PMID 25831540. Sagan, C.; Salpeter, E.E. Particles, environments, and possible ecologies in the Jovian atmosphere.„The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series”.32,s.633–637,1976. DOI: 10.1086/190414. ( ang.). D'Angelo, G.; Marzari, F. (2012). "Outward Migration of Jupiter and Saturn in Evolved Gaseous Disks". The Astrophysical Journal. 757 (1): 50 (23 pp.). arXiv: 1207.2737. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...757...50D. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/50. S2CID 118587166.

a b c d e Burgess, Eric (1982). By Jupiter: Odysseys to a Giant. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05176-7. Davis, Andrew M.; Turekian, Karl K.: Meteorites, comets, and planets.T.1.Elsevier,2005,s.624,seria:Treatise on geochemistry. ISBN 0-08-044720-1. ( ang.). Tubylcy mający to położenie mogą być świetnymi przywódcami, jeśli ta planeta jest w dobrych aspektach ze Słońcem lub Plutonem.Decametric radio bursts (with a wavelength of tens of metres) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by the interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field. [164] von Boetticher, Alexander; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Queloz, Didier; Gill, Sam; Lendl, Monika; Delrez, Laetitia; Anderson, David R.; Collier Cameron, Andrew; Faedi, Francesca; Gillon, Michaël; Gómez Maqueo Chew, Yilen; Hebb, Leslie; Hellier, Coel; Jehin, Emmanuël; Maxted, Pierre F. L.; Martin, David V.; Pepe, Francesco; Pollacco, Don; Ségransan, Damien; Smalley, Barry; Udry, Stéphane; West, Richard (August 2017). "The EBLM project. III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 604: 6. arXiv: 1706.08781. Bibcode: 2017A&A...604L...6V. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201731107. S2CID 54610182. L6. T.Guillot. A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn.„Planetary and Space Science”.47(10–11),s.1183–1200,1999. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00043-4. Bibcode: 1999astro.ph..7402G. ( ang.). a b A.Seiff,Kirk, D.B.,Knight, T.C.D., et al.. Thermal structure of Jupiter’s atmosphere near the edge of a 5-μm hot spot in the north equatorial belt.„ Journal of Geophysical Research”.103,s.22857–22889,1998. DOI: 10.1029/98JE01766. Bibcode: 1998JGR...10322857S. ( ang.). Burrows, A.; Hubbard, W.B.; Saumon, D.; Lunine, J.I. An expanded set of brown dwarf and very low mass star models.„Astrophysical Journal”.406(1),s.158–171,1993. DOI: 10.1086/172427. Bibcode: 1993ApJ...406..158B. ( ang.).

Harper, Douglas. "Jove". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022 . Retrieved March 22, 2022. K.I.; Wordsworth, R. (2020). "Erratum: "Jupiter's Composition Suggests Its Core Assembled Exterior to the N2 Snowline" ". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (2): 78. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab6172. S2CID 214576608. a b D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2021). "Growth of Jupiter: Formation in disks of gas and solids and evolution to the present epoch". Icarus. 355: 114087. arXiv: 2009.05575. Bibcode: 2021Icar..35514087D. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114087. S2CID 221654962. Outside the layer of metallic hydrogen lies a transparent interior atmosphere of hydrogen. At this depth, the pressure and temperature are above molecular hydrogen's critical pressure of 1.3 MPa and critical temperature of 33 K (−240.2 °C; −400.3 °F). [79] In this state, there are no distinct liquid and gas phases—hydrogen is said to be in a supercritical fluid state. The hydrogen and helium gas extending downward from the cloud layer gradually transitions to a liquid in deeper layers, possibly resembling something akin to an ocean of liquid hydrogen and other supercritical fluids. [65] :22 [80] [81] [82] Physically, the gas gradually becomes hotter and denser as depth increases. [83] [84]The eight innermost regular moons, which have nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator, are thought to have formed alongside Jupiter, whilst the remainder are irregular moons and are thought to be captured asteroids or fragments of captured asteroids. The irregular moons within each group may have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up. [204] [205] Regular moons Li, Liming; Jiang, X.; West, R. A.; Gierasch, P. J.; Perez-Hoyos, S.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Fletcher, L. N.; Fortney, J. J.; Knowles, B.; Porco, C. C.; Baines, K. H.; Fry, P. M.; Mallama, A.; Achterberg, R. K.; Simon, A. A.; Nixon, C. A.; Orton, G. S.; Dyudina, U. A.; Ewald, S. P.; Schmude, R. W. (2018). "Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3709. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9.3709L. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06107-2. PMC 6137063. PMID 30213944. A.Kyrala. An explanation of the persistence of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter.„Moon and the Planets”.26,s.105–107,1982. DOI: 10.1007/BF00941374. Bibcode: 1982M&P....26..105K. ( ang.). Solar Nebula Supermarket" (PDF). nasa.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2023 . Retrieved July 10, 2023. a b von Zahn, U.; Hunten, D. M.; Lehmacher, G. (1998). "Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo probe Helium Interferometer Experiment". Journal of Geophysical Research. 103 (E10): 22815–22829. Bibcode: 1998JGR...10322815V. doi: 10.1029/98JE00695.

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