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Real FOSSIL MOSASAUR TOOTH - Excellent Fossil - Creataceous Period (65 Million Years+) - FOSSIL DINOSAUR TOOTH - Great Gift Idea

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a b Anne S. Schulp; Geert H. I. M. Walenkamp; Paul A. M. Hofman; Yvonne Stuip; Bruce M. Rothschild (2006). "Chronic bone infection in the jaw of Mosasaurus hoffmanni (Squamata)" (PDF). Oryctos. 6 (2006): 41–52. ISSN 1290-4805. Occasionally, mosasaur fossils were preserved with their stomach contents intact, which helps paleontologists learn more about their hunting strategies. For example, paleontologists in Canada uncovered a specimen from the species Mosasaurus missouriensis with large fish bones inside it, according to National Geographic. The fish was larger than the mosasaur's head, and the placement of the bones suggested the mosasaur had devoured its prey piece by piece.

a b c d e Dimitry V. Grigoriev (2014). "Giant Mosasaurus hoffmanni (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Penza, Russia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS. 318 (2): 148–167. doi: 10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.2.148. S2CID 53574339. a b Theagarten Lingham-Soliar (2004). "Palaeopathology and injury in the extinct mosasaurs (Lepidosauromorpha, Squamata) and implications for modern reptiles" (PDF). Lethaia. 37 (3): 255–262. doi: 10.1080/00241160410006519. The dentition was thecodont (tooth roots deeply cemented within the jaw bone). Teeth were constantly shed through a process where the replacement tooth developed within the root of the original tooth and then pushed it out of the jaw. [65] Chemical studies conducted on a M. hoffmannii maxillary tooth measured an average rate of deposition of odontoblasts, the cells responsible for the formation of dentin, at 10.9 micrometers (0.00043in) per day. This was by observing the von Ebner lines, incremental marks in dentin that form daily. It was approximated that it took the odontoblasts 511 days and dentin 233 days to develop to the extent observed in the tooth. [h] [66] Postcranial skeleton [ edit ] Well-preserved fossil of M. missouriensisa b Bruce Rothschild; Michael J. Everhart (2015). "Co-Ossification of Vertebrae in Mosasaurs (Squamata, Mosasauridae); Evidence of Habitat Interactions and Susceptibility to Bone Disease". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 118 (3–4): 265–275. doi: 10.1660/062.118.0309. S2CID 83690496. It is likely that Mosasaurus was viviparous (giving live birth) like most modern mammals today. There is no evidence for live birth in Mosasaurus itself, but it is known in a number of other mosasaurs; [97] examples include a skeleton of a pregnant Carsosaurus, [97] a Plioplatecarpus fossil associated with fossils of two mosasaur embryos, [98] and fossils of newborn Clidastes from pelagic (open ocean) deposits. [97] Such fossil records, along with a total absence of any evidence suggesting external egg-based reproduction, indicates the likeliness of viviparity in Mosasaurus. [97] [98] Microanatomical studies on bones of juvenile Mosasaurus and related genera have found that their bone structures are comparable to adults. They do not exhibit the bone mass increase found in juvenile primitive mosasauroids to support buoyancy associated with a lifestyle in shallow water, implying that Mosasaurus was precocial: they were already efficient swimmers and lived fully functional lifestyles in open water at a very young age, and did not require nursery areas to raise their young. [99] [97] Some areas in Europe and South Dakota have yielded concentrated assemblages of juvenile M. hoffmannii, M. missouriensis and/or M. lemonnieri. These localities are all shallow ocean deposits, suggesting that juvenile Mosasaurus may still have lived in shallow waters. [100] Paleoecology [ edit ] Distribution, ecosystem, and ecological impact [ edit ] Mosasaurus inhabited the Western Interior Seaway of North America and Mediterranean Tethys of Europe and Africa.

a b Michael W. Caldwell (2012). "A challenge to categories: "What, if anything, is a mosasaur?" ". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 183 (1): 17–34. doi: 10.2113/gssgfbull.183.1.7. Another case of presumed niche partitioning between Mosasaurus and Prognathodon from the Bearpaw Formation in Alberta was documented in a 2014 study by Konishi and colleagues. The study found a dietary divide between M. missouriensis and Prognathodon overtoni based on stomach contents. Stomach contents of P. overtoni included turtles and ammonites, providing another example of a diet specialized for harder prey. In contrast, M. missouriensis had stomach contents consisting of fish, indicative of a diet specialized in softer prey. It was hypothesized that these adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs. [9] Joseph Leidy (1864). Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States. Vol.14. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. pp.30–120. Theagarten Lingham-Soliar (1998). "Unusual death of a Cretaceous giant" (PDF). Lethaia. 31 (4): 308–310. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00520.x. S2CID 128711108. Cynthia G. Fisher; Michael A. Arthur (2002). "Water mass characteristics in the Cenomanian US Western Interior seaway as indicated by stable isotopes of calcareous organisms". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 188 (3–4): 89–213. Bibcode: 2002PPP...188..189F. doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00552-7.Andrew D. Gentry; James F. Parham; Dana J. Ehret; Jun A. Ebersole (2018). "A new species of Peritresius Leidy, 1856 (Testudines: Pan-Cheloniidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Alabama, USA, and the occurrence of the genus within the Mississippi Embayment of North America". PLOS ONE. 13 (4): e0195651. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1395651G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195651. PMC 5906092. PMID 29668704. Mosasaurs possessed two types of teeth: they had the usual upper and lower jaw teeth, but they also had a second set of teeth on a separate jaw behind their maxilla, which are called pterygoid teeth. These specialized pterygoid teeth were used to help hold down prey that was struggling to help make swallowing easier. Most mosasaur teeth have an elliptical base that has a wide but shallow indentation, two prominent carinae (some positions may have only one), and smooth enamel with no serrations on the carinae. However, since reptile teeth are variable, there are a lot of different exceptions. Some mosasaur teeth (especially pterygoid teeth) have a circular base and may appear to have barely any basal indentation at all. Others may have irregular, ridged enamel near the tips of the teeth. Some teeth, especially some posteriors, can have microserrations on them. These serrations can make the tooth appear to be theropod.

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