Jordan Benedict Natural Sea Sponge for Bath and Shower for Adults and Children (M Pack of 1)

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a b Leys SP (February 2003). "The significance of syncytial tissues for the position of the hexactinellida in the metazoa". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43 (1): 19–27. doi: 10.1093/icb/43.1.19. PMID 21680406. Coordination – These creatures have symbiotic relationships with some other creatures. One interesting relationship is between the sponge and a deep-sea bacteria. The bacteria feed on methane produced by holes in the seafloor, and the sponges feed on some of the bacteria. Duffy JE (1996). "Species boundaries, specialization, and the radiation of sponge-dwelling alpheid shrimp". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 58 (3): 307–324. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01437.x. Gold DA, Grabenstatter J, de Mendoza A, Riesgo A, Ruiz-Trillo I, Summons RE (March 2016). "Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (10): 2684–2689. Bibcode: 2016PNAS..113.2684G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1512614113. PMC 4790988. PMID 26903629.

a b c Rowland SM, Stephens T (2001). "Archaeocyatha: A history of phylogenetic interpretation". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1065–1078. doi: 10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1065:AAHOPI>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1307076.Castro, Fernando, et al. " Agalychnis" The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T55843A11379402, 2004. Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera ( / p ə ˈ r ɪ f ər ə/; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. Vinn O, Wilson MA, Toom U, Mõtus MA (2015). "Earliest known rugosan-stromatoporoid symbiosis from the Llandovery of Estonia (Baltica)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 31: 1–5. Bibcode: 2015PPP...431....1V. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.023 . Retrieved 2015-06-18. Cook, S.D.C., & Bergquist, P.R. 2002: Family Spongiidae Gray, 1867. Pp. 1051-1060. In Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (ed.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 1 (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow).

Sponges were traditionally distributed in three classes: calcareous sponges (Calcarea), glass sponges (Hexactinellida) and demosponges (Demospongiae). However, studies have shown that the Homoscleromorpha, a group thought to belong to the Demospongiae, is actually phylogenetically well separated. [92] Therefore, they have recently been recognized as the fourth class of sponges. [93] [94]The phylum Porifera may be divided into three classes on the basis of the composition of the skeletal elements. Together, the classes Calcarea and Hexactinellida make up about 10 to 20 percent of the known species of sponges; the remaining 80 to 90 percent are placed in the class Demospongiae. Importance These creatures are incredibly odd and unique animals. Learn more about what makes sponges so interesting, below. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Pronzato, Roberto; Manconi, Renata (2008). "Mediterranean commercial sponges: over 5000 years of natural history and cultural heritage". Marine Ecology. 29 (2): 146–166. Bibcode: 2008MarEc..29..146P. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00235.x. The hypothesis has been made that coral reef sponges facilitate the transfer of coral-derived organic matter to their associated detritivores via the production of sponge detritus, as shown in the diagram. Several sponge species are able to convert coral-derived DOM into sponge detritus, [68] [69] and transfer organic matter produced by corals further up the reef food web. Corals release organic matter as both dissolved and particulate mucus, [70] [71] [72] [73] as well as cellular material such as expelled Symbiodinium. [74] [75] [67] Sperling EA, Pisani D, Peterson KJ (January 1, 2007). "Poriferan paraphyly and its implications for Precambrian palaeobiology" (PDF). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 355–368. Bibcode: 2007GSLSP.286..355S. doi: 10.1144/SP286.25. S2CID 34175521. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2009 . Retrieved 2012-08-22.

Redmond, Anthony K.; McLysaght, Aoife (2021-03-19). "Evidence for sponges as sister to all other animals from partitioned phylogenomics with mixture models and recoding". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 1783. Bibcode: 2021NatCo..12.1783R. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22074-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7979703. PMID 33741994. Tanaka Y, Miyajima T, Umezawa Y, Hayashibara T, Ogawa H, Koike I (2009) Net release of dissolved organic matter by the scleractinian coral Acropora pulchra. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 377: 101−106 Spongia officinalis grows in massive, globular lobes with fine openings which are slightly elevated and have cone-shaped voids (conules). [3] Oscula can either be scattered or at the tip of the lobes. [2]Whelan NV, Kocot KM, Moroz LL, Halanych KM (May 2015). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (18): 5773–8. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.5773W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503453112. PMC 4426464. PMID 25902535. The phylum Porifera is further divided into classes mainly according to the composition of their skeletons: [20] [34] Antcliffe JB (2013). Stouge S (ed.). "Questioning the evidence of organic compounds called sponge biomarkers". Palaeontology. 56 (5): 917–925. doi: 10.1111/pala.12030. Sponges vary greatly in external appearance. Some are bushy or treelike and have fingerlike projections. Others, particularly in the class Demospongiae, are shapeless, or amorphous, masses that form thin encrustations on objects or are cushion shaped. A few species in the Demospongiae have well-defined spherical shapes as in Tethya aurantium, the sea orange; others may be cup- or fan-shaped. Calcareous sponges of the genus Scypha are shaped like tubular sacs, with an opening (osculum) at the tip. Members of the Hexactinellida are erect or cylindrical, with a stalklike base.

Sponges have three asexual methods of reproduction: after fragmentation, by budding, and by producing gemmules. Fragments of sponges may be detached by currents or waves. They use the mobility of their pinacocytes and choanocytes and reshaping of the mesohyl to re-attach themselves to a suitable surface and then rebuild themselves as small but functional sponges over the course of several days. The same capabilities enable sponges that have been squeezed through a fine cloth to regenerate. [44] A sponge fragment can only regenerate if it contains both collencytes to produce mesohyl and archeocytes to produce all the other cell types. [34] A very few species reproduce by budding. [45] Tanaka Y, Ogawa H, Miyajima T (2011) "Production and bacterial decomposition of dissolved organic matter in a fringing coral reef". J Oceanogr, 67: 427−437. doi: 10.1007/s10872-011-0046-z. As sessile creatures, sponges do not have behavior per say. They remain in one place their entire lives. At any given time, they intake water through many pores across their bodies, and filter food particles out of it. Outside of this behavior and reproduction, they do not have any other behaviors. Reproduction of the Sea SpongeDunlap M, Pawlik JR (1996). "Video-monitored predation by Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges". Marine Biology. 126 (1): 117–123. doi: 10.1007/bf00571383. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 84799900. Some of the different habitats that they live in include reefs, deep ocean trenches, shallow seagrass beds, and much more. Distribution of the Sea Sponge Tremblay P, Grover R, Maguer JF, Legendre L, Ferrier-Pagès C (2012) "Autotrophic carbon budget in coral tissue:a new 13C-based model of photosynthate translocation." J Exp Biol, 215: 1384−1393. doi: 10.1242/jeb.065201.