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What is clear is that any single explanation maybe possible for any given individual, but it is the social implications of ‘obesity’ that have now turned it into today’s ‘epidemic’ of obesity. The cultural implications of these claims are vitiated by specific, contemporary attitudes towards the body and its meanings within the system in which it is found. As a culturally bound concept ‘epidemic’ today has the power that ‘gluttony’ had in the Middle Ages. Both gain their power from the system of meaning that shapes attitudes towards socially acceptable and non-acceptable categories. We must remember that this anxiety about epidemics is a recent if resurgent phenomenon (it mirrors the rhetoric of the 19th century). As late as 1969 the then Surgeon General of the United States, William T. Stewart, suggested to Congress that it was now ‘time to close the book on infectious disease as a major health threat’. Three decades later, in 1996, Gro Harlem Brundtland, the then Director-General of the World Health Organization, gave a very different prophecy: ‘We stand on the brink of a global crisis in infectious diseases. No country is safe from them’. We moved from a sense of accomplishment to one of foreboding. The new epidemic is that of ‘fat’ – though in 2009 ‘swine flu’ has come to challenge for the moment its centrality in the public sphere. The Haslams believe that their physiology of fat reflects transhistorical (evolutionary or physiological) truths, not cultural meanings grafted onto the social implications of body size.

a b Voirin, B., Kays, R., Wikelski, M., & Lowman, M. (2013). Why Do Sloths Poop on the Ground? In M. Lowman, S. Devy, & T. Ganesh (eds). Treetops at Risk(pp. 195-199). Springer, New York, NY. Mendel, Frank C. (1 January 1985). "Use of Hands and Feet of Three-Toed Sloths (Bradypus variegatus) during Climbing and Terrestrial Locomotion". Journal of Mammalogy. 66 (2): 359–366. doi: 10.2307/1381249. JSTOR 1381249. Raj Pant, Sara; Goswami, Anjali; Finarelli, John A (2014). "Complex body size trends in the evolution of sloths (Xenarthra: Pilosa)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 184. doi: 10.1186/s12862-014-0184-1. PMC 4243956. PMID 25319928. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link) Scientists at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in February 2002 had already warned the government that obesity was now a ‘global epidemic’ – no longer confined to western, industrialized societies. This reflected a growing consensus in the 1990s that obesity (not smoking) was going to be the major public health issue of the new millennium. By 2005 the ‘war against obesity’ had replaced the ‘war against tobacco’, even though worldwide tobacco sales continue to increase. The phrase ‘war against obesity, sloth, and addiction’ appears in the UK in The Times as early as 1981 (4), and though sloth now seems an odd concept to be associated with the medicalization of obesity, the ‘laziness’ of the obese (read: their resistance to treatment and their non-compliance and their recidivism) is part of the vocabulary of obesity today.David Haslam is a practising GP who sees around 10,000 patients per year in primary care, as well as many of the biggest people in society in his twice weekly Luton and Dunstable Hospital Bariatric Surgery Clinic. He has recently been awarded an Honorary Chair at Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen in recognition of his international work in producing guidelines and providing education to combat obesity. He is chair of two national charities with the same aim, and has written several text books and over a hundred scholarly articles on the subject. Fiona Haslam’s career was spent in clinical medicine until her retirement when she obtained a degree in art history and a PhD for her work on medicine in art, and has written extensively on the subject. Hence the book has been written mainly from a clinical perspective, as the authors have a unique body of knowledge and experience in this arena. Bailey, T. N. (1974). Social organization in a bobcat population. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 38(3),435-446.

Montgomery, G. G., & Sunquist, M. E. (1975). Impact of Sloths on Neotropical Forest Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling. Ecological Studies, 69–98. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-88533-4_7 Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (15 May 2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. pp.624 (see p. 96). ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1. OCLC 493329394. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 25 September 2016.

1. There are 2 groups of sloth in the world

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth which inhabits tropical forests. It has two separate ranges, split by the Andes. One population is found from eastern Honduras [11] in the north to western Ecuador in the south, and the other in eastern Peru, western Brazil, and northern Bolivia. [12] The critically endangered pygmy three-toed sloth which is endemic to the small island of Isla Escudo de Veraguas off the coast of Panama. Thank you for allowing us to respond to this review by Sander Gilman whose work we have admired and enjoyed. Wild brown-throated three-toed sloths sleep on average 9.6 hours a day. [37] Two-toed sloths are nocturnal. [38] Three-toed sloths are mostly nocturnal, but can be active in the day. They spend 90 per cent of their time motionless. [24] Behavior