Bosch Automotive Handbook, 11th Edition

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optimum damping ratio produce broadband vibration reduction, which remains effective when the exciter frequency changes. against it; and therefore when heated radiates the maximum amount of light which can be emitted by a body. An example of a black-body radiator is the opening in a carbon tube. kp · m (kilopondmeter) = 9.81 J 10 J 1 HP · h (horsepower-hour) = 0.7355 kW · h 0.74 kW · h 1 erg (erg) = 10–7 J 1 kcal (kilocalorie) 4.2 kJ = 4.1868 kJ 1 cal (calorie) = 4.1868 J 4.2 J

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Verordnung zur Änderung der Ausführungsverordnung" dated 27 November 1973; "Zweite Verordnung zur Änderung der Ausführungsverordnung" dated 12 December 1977. Thermal radiation Empty space and air are pervious to thermal radiation. Solid bodies and most liquids are impervious to thermal radiation, as are various gases to certain wavelengths. The thermal radiation emitted by the area A at temperature T isNoise design Specific configuration of operating noises by means of design measures; subjective aural impressions and psychoacoustics are taken into consideration. The objective is not primarily to reduce noise but rather to achieve a general sound quality, to embody specific features (e.g. sporty exhaust sound by way of rough sounds) or company-specific noises (e.g. a particular door-closing noise in passenger cars, "corporate sound"). The same multiple of P corresponds to a multiple of M or n. Examples: For M = 50 N · m and n = 600 min–1, P = 3.15 kW (4.3 PS) For M = 5 N · m and n = 600 min–1, P = 0.315 kW (0.43 PS) For M = 5000 N · m and n = 60 min–1, P = 31.5 kW (43 PS *) * PS = Pferdestärke = metric horsepower Sound power level Lw The sound power of a sound source is described by the sound power level Lw. The sound power level is equal to ten times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the calculated sound power to the reference sound power P0 = 10–12 W. Sound power cannot be measured directly. It is calculated based on quantities of the sound field which surrounds the source. Measurements are usually also made of the sound pressure level Lp at specific points around the source (see DIN 45 635). Lw can also Natural oscillations The frequency of natural oscillations (natural frequency) is dependent only on the properties of the oscillating system.

automotive handbook U329E - SAE International

at (techn. atmosphere) = 1 kp/cm2 = 0.980665 bar 1 bar 1 atm (physical atmosphere) = 1.01325 bar1) 1 mm w.g. (water gauge) = 1 kp/m 2 = 0.0980665 hPa 0.1 hPa 1 torr = 1 mm Hg (mercury column) = 1.33322 hPa dyn/cm2 = 1 µbar Sound absorption Loss of sound energy when reflected on peripheries, but also for the propagation in a medium. ft Ibf = foot pound-force, Btu = British thermal unit, 1 in ozf (inch ounce-force) = 0.007062 J, 1 in Ibf (inch pound-force) = 0.112985 J, 1 ft pdl (foot poundal) = 0.04214 J, 1 hph (horsepower hour) = 2.685 · 106 J = 0.7457 kW · h, 1 thermie (France) = 1000 frigories (France) = 1000 kcal = 4.1868 MJ, 1 kg C.E. (coal equivalent kilogram)4) = 29.3076 MJ = 8.141 kWh, 1 t C.E. (coal equivalent ton)4) = 1000 kg SKE = 29.3076 GJ = 8.141 MWh.Systems of units not to be used The physical system of units Like the SI system of units, the physical system of units used the base quantities length, mass and time. However, the base units used for these quantities were the centimeter (cm), gram (g), and second (s) (CGS System). be calculated based on sound intensity levels LI measured at various points on the surface of an imaginary envelope surrounding the sound source. If noise is emitted uniformly through a surface of S0 = 1 m2, the sound pressure level Lp and the sound intensity level LI at this surface have the same value as the sound power level Lw. Coefficient of friction The coefficient of friction µ always denotes a system property and not a material property. Coefficients of friction are among other things dependent on material pairing, temperature, surface condition, sliding speed, surrounding medium (e.g. water or CO2, which can be adsorbed by the surface) or the intermediate material (e.g. lubricant). The coefficient of static friction is often greater than that of sliding friction. In special cases, the friction coefficient can exceed 1 (e.g. with very smooth surfaces where cohesion forces are predominant or with racing tires featuring an adhesion or suction effect). Other British andAmerican units of length 1 µ in (microinch) = 0.0254 µm, 1 mil (milliinch) = 0.0254 mm, 1 link = 201.17 mm, 1 rod = 1 pole = 1 perch = 5.5 yd = 5,0292 m, 1 chain = 22 yd = 20.1168 m,

Bosch Automotive Electrics and Automotive Electronics - Springer Bosch Automotive Electrics and Automotive Electronics - Springer

Flywheel effect G · D2. J = m · i2 i = radius of gyration Conversion: Numerical value of G · D2 in kp · m2 = 4 x numerical value of J in In the case of composite units, express temperature differences in K, e.g. kJ/(m · h · K); tolerances for temperatures in degree Celsius, e.g. are written as follows: t = (40 ± 2) °C or t = 40 °C ± 2 °C or t = 40 °C ± 2 K. Refer to 5. forquantity of heat and heat flow. Specific heat ca pacity (spec. heat) Notches (such as grooves and holes) and changes in cross section (shoulders and offsets) as well as various clamping methods give rise to local stress concentrations σmax, which are usually far in excess of the nominal stresses: Units of viscosity Legal units of kinematic viscosity v 1 m2/s = 1 Pa · s/(kg/m3) = 104cm2/s = 106 mm2/s.Body thrown vertically upward (neglecting air resistance). Uniform decelerated motion, deceleration a = g = 9.81 m/s2

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Ibf/in2 = pound–force per square inch (psi), Ibf/ft2 = pound–force per square foot (psf), tonf/in2 = ton–force (UK) per square inch 1 pdl/ft2 (poundal per square foot) = 1.48816 Pa 1 barye* = 1µbar; 1 pz (pièce)* = 1 sn/m2 (sthène/m2)* = 103 Pa Standards: DIN 66034 Conversion tables, kilopond – newton, newton – kilopond, DIN 66037 Conversion tables, kilopond/cm2– bar, bar – kilopond/cm2, DIN 66038 Conversion tables, torr – millibar, millibar – torr 1) Troy system and Apothecaries' system Troy system (used in UK and US for precious stones and metals) and Apothecaries' system (used in UK and US for drugs) Standing waves Standing waves occur as a result of interference between two waves of equal frequency, wavelength and amplitude traveling in opposite directions. In contrast to a propagating wave, the amplitude of the standing wave is constant at every point; nodes (zero amplitude) and antinodes (maximum amplitude) occur. Standing waves occur by reflection of a wave back on itself if the characteristic impedance of the medium differs greatly from the impedance of the reflector. Noise emissions from stationary vehicles Measurements are taken in the vicinity of the exhaust muffler in order to facilitate subsequent testing of motor-vehicle noise levels. Measurements are carried out with the engine running at 3/4 the speed at which it develops its rated power output. Once the engine speed levels off, the throttle valve is quickly returned to its idle position. During this procedure, the maximum A-weighted sound-pressure level is monitored at a distance of 50 cm from the outlet at a horizontal angle of (45 ± 10)° to the direction of exhaust flow. The recorded level is entered in the vehicle documentation in dB(A) with the suffix "P" (making it possible to distinguish between this figure and levels derived using earlier test procedures). No legal maxima have been specified for standing noise levels. sound pressure decreases by 6 dB each time the distance from the sound source is doubled. Reflecting objects influence the sound field, and the rate at which the sound level is reduced as a function of the distance from the sound source is lower.W Section modulus of a cross section: indicates, for the edge stress 1, the inner moment with which the cross section can resist an external bending load. Sound power is the power emitted by a sound source. Sound power of some sound sources: Normal conversation, average 7 · 10–6 W Violin, fortissimo 1 · 10–3 W Peak power of the human voice 2 · 10–3 W Piano, trumpet 0.2 ... 0.3 W Organ 1 ... 10 W Kettle drum 10 W Orchestra (75 musicians) up to 65 W Thermal expansion of the liquid is visible in a narrow glass tube. Liquid: Pentane (– 200 ... 30°C). Alcohol (–100 ... 210°C), Toluene (–90 ... 100°C). Mercury (–38 ... 600°C), Gallium (...1000°C). moments without transverse force) it can therefore be assumed for reasons of symmetry (the axis of the beam becomes circular) that plane cross sections remain plane. With these assumptions as given, the neutral axis passes through the center of gravity of every conceivable cross section. The following equation thus applies: