Inspired Pain

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The new movie starring Chris Evans and Emily Blunt starts with a declaration that it's "inspired by true events". That's pretty normal for a movie based on real-life events as not everything can be completely accurate to the true story. Pleuritic chest pain refers to pain felt worse on inspiration. It usually occurs due to visceral and parietal pleura rubbing over each other but can be due to musculoskeletal or nerve-related pathology. Diagnosis Hao, M.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Z.; He, Q.; Zhu, D.; Luo, M. A Compact Review of IPMC as Soft Actuator and Sensor: Current Trends, Challenges, and Potential Solutions from Our Recent Work. Front. Robot. AI 2019, 6, 129. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] The team's work has since been independently replicated by other labs. However, Saab sees theta-wave-based assessment of pain as an add-on rather than a replacement to current methods of measuring pain. Huang, Y.; Tao, L.-Q.; Yu, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, C.; Chen, X. Integrated Sensing and Warning Multifunctional Devices Based on the Combined Mechanical and Thermal Effect of Porous Graphene. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 14, 53049–53057. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

We believe that the definition of Robot Pain should be inspired by the nature of organisms' pain. First, the pain mechanism in organisms has evolved over thousands of years, and it is closely related to physical injury ( Bagnato et al., 2015). Broom proposed that pain is the neural activity at the brain level that accompanies physical injury ( Broom, 2001). This neural activity occurs primarily in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; Frankland and Teixeira, 2005). In addition, this neural activity can be associated with injury-related cues, such as scenes of physical injury or a dangerous object. When a similar cue occurs, the brain will generate the same neural activity and avoid potential injury in time ( Karsdorp and Vlaeyen, 2009). This phenomenon is called pain memory ( Eich et al., 1985). Therefore, pain is a passive response to actual physical injury and active response to potential physical injury ( Sur and Amor, 2017). We argue that the Robot Pain should be designed in line with the neural mechanism of pain mentioned above—it should first respond to actual machine injury and then respond to potential machine injury. The only drug approved by the FDA for this need is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which may be given to break up blood clots in the cerebral artery. But we still have no treatments that can prevent the neuronal damage due to oxygen starvation.Kapoor hired several of the company's top execs, who became his co-conspirators. They were accused of bribing practitioners into prescribing Subsys, even when it might not be medically necessary to patients. Prosecutors later maintained that the scheme also defrauded insurance companies into paying for Subsys. Now we can screen hundreds of compounds in a month. Fifteen years ago that wouldn’t have been possible. You would have had to look at them one by one, and it would have taken 10 years,” Beeton says. This is a chance to achieve not just Moon shots, but Jupiter shots: how can we figure out how venom evolved and use this for the benefit of humanity?” she asks. In condensing a sprawling story into about two hours, the filmmakers aimed to paint a picture of capitalistic corruption along the outskirts of the pharma industry, where beautiful sales representatives provided doctors with financial incentive, bribing them into writing as many prescriptions as they could despite the risks to their patients.

Lin, W.; Wang, B.; Peng, G.; Shan, Y.; Hu, H.; Yang, Z. Skin-Inspired Piezoelectric Tactile Sensor Array with Crosstalk-Free Row plus Column Electrodes for Spatiotemporally Distinguishing Diverse Stimuli. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2002817. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Currently in clinical trials in the US and likely to be approved by the FDA within two years is Tozuleristide (BLZ-100), a kind of “tumour paint” derived from scorpion venom. Initially developed at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle and described in the journal Cancer Research in 2007, this drug selectively binds to brain tumour cells, but not healthy ones. This allows brain surgeons to more easily see cancerous tissue during surgery.The University of Gothenburg's Samulowitz points out that relying on technology to reduce bias can introduce its own challenges too. For instance, there is the question of bias in the application of technology. "Around one-fifth of the general population is affected by moderate to severe pain. Most of them seek medical treatment in primary care. Will all of them get a brain scan pain measurement or will the selection be biased? Research has shown that more men than women get referrals to somatic examinations, more women receive referrals to psychologists. There is a risk of gender bias in who will get an objective pain measurement." The gold standard for pain analysis currently relies on patients self-reporting how they feel, relying, in different places, on either a numerical scale (0 as no pain, 10 as worst pain), or a system of smiley faces. Every week in clinic I ask myself: what am I doing today that I don’t want to be doing in 15 years?” says oncologist Jim Olson of Fred Hutchinson. In 2004, he witnessed a teenaged girl undergo a 14-hour surgical procedure to remove a brain tumour in which surgeons accidentally left behind a thumb-sized piece of cancer, mistaking it for healthy tissue. Since Liza isn't a real character in the original article, director David Yates buffed up her story by giving her a daughter. A major plot point in Pain Hustlers is that Liza's daughter suffers from a brain tumor, which complicates her connection to the drug company. Liza is also given a mother, played by Catherine O’Hara, who becomes a sales rep as well. It gets worse when I breathe in. It catches my breath and is really sharp. I tried paracetamol but that didn’t really help.”>

Brain activity could be another useful biomarker. Saab and his team, while he was still at Brown University, devised an approach which measures the ebb and flow of a type of brain activity known as theta waves, which the team found were elevated during pain. Saab also found that administering analgesics reduced theta activity to normal levels. Introduction: Pain is a crucial function for organisms. Building a “Robot Pain” model inspired by organisms' pain could help the robot learn self-preservation and extend longevity. Most previous studies about robots and pain focus on robots interacting with people by recognizing their pain expressions or scenes, or avoiding obstacles by recognizing dangerous objects. Robots do not have human-like pain capacity and cannot adaptively respond to danger. Inspired by the evolutionary mechanisms of pain emergence and the Free Energy Principle (FEP) in the brain, we summarize the neural mechanisms of pain and construct a Brain-inspired Robot Pain Spiking Neural Network (BRP-SNN) with spike-time-dependent-plasticity (STDP) learning rule and population coding method. But Tower's script takes big dramatic license. For example, none of the characters on screen are strict one-to-one representations of Insys employees. "This isn't the Insys story in detail at all," Yates said. "It's inspired by that—the fringes of that industry and how they exploit one very marginal sector of the healthcare industry and make a fortune out of it." for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaMande Holford, an associate professor in chemistry at Hunter College in New York City who studies how venoms can be used to discover drugs for pain and cancer, says it goes deeper than just finding new drugs: venoms also offer the opportunity to answer big questions about evolution. We will never be able to know for sure how someone feels, be it pain or another mental state," says Saab. "The verbal report of the patient should always remain as the 'ground truth' for pain. I envision this being used as an adjunct diagnostic, especially in cases where the verbal report is unreliable: children, adults with altered mental status, non-communicative patients."