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Gli aztechi.

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Assieme a questo ci sono altre storie che raccontano di discendenti del primo condottiero, anch’egli partito a Oriente, e destinati a tornare e conquistare l’impero. L’ atteggiamento arrendevole dei leader non aiutò il morale di coloro che stavano combattendo contro gli Spagnoli. Di seguito un estratto di un discorso che Monctezuma II, oramai prigioniero di Cortés, avrebbe fatto ai suoi dopo essersi consultato con gli dei, raccontata da Bernal Díaz Castillo, che prese parte alla spedizione di Cortés. Bright, W. (1990). " 'With one lip, with two lips': Parallelism in Nahuatl". Language. 66 (3): 437–452. doi: 10.2307/414607. JSTOR 414607. Uno dei giochi più diffusi tra gli Aztechi era il tlactli, detto anche ōllamaliztli. Era un gioco diffuso in tutto il Centro America, infatti lo conoscevano anche Maya. Si giocava con una palla ( ollama) di materiale elastico, ma abbastanza pesante.

The Aztecs and figures from Aztec mythology feature in Western culture. [180] The name of Quetzalcoatl, a feathered serpent god, has been used for a genus of pterosaurs, Quetzalcoatlus, a large flying reptile with a wingspan of as much as 11 meters (36ft). [181] Quetzalcoatl has appeared as a character in many books, films and video games. D.H. Lawrence gave the name Quetzalcoatl to an early draft of his novel The Plumed Serpent, but his publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, insisted on a change of title. [182] American author Gary Jennings wrote two acclaimed historical novels set in Aztec-period Mexico, Aztec (1980) and Aztec Autumn (1997). [183] The novels were so popular that four more novels in the Aztec series were written after his death. [184]

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Maschere e figure realizzate con la mescalina sono altre forme di preziosi gioielli aztechi. Il popolo Mezcal è un antico gruppo che occupò l'area 2000 anni fa. I sacerdoti usano queste maschere per imitare gli dei. Queste figure vengono utilizzate per importanti rituali quotidiani e sacrifici agli dei. Dio è una parte molto importante della vita quotidiana. Hassig, Ross (2001). Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73139-4. OCLC 44167649. Cavallo, COME " Una pietra palmata di Totonac ". Bollettino del Detroit Institute of Arts 29.3 (1949): 56–58. Stampa.

Burkhart, Louise M. (1997). "Mexican women on the home front". In S Schroeder; S Wood; RS Haskett (eds.). Indian women of early Mexico. pp.25–54. Elson, Cristina; Smith, Michael E. (2001). "Archaeological deposits from the Aztec New Fire Ceremony". Ancient Mesoamerica. 12 (2): 157–174. doi: 10.1017/S0956536101122078. S2CID 25246053. Further information: Society in the Spanish Colonial Americas Codex Kingsborough, showing the abuse by Spaniards of a Nahua under the encomienda Spanish labor system Motecuzoma also consolidated the political structure of the Triple Alliance, and the internal political organization of Tenochtitlan. His brother Tlacaelel served as his main advisor (Nahuatl languages: Cihuacoatl) and he is considered the architect of major political reforms in this period, consolidating the power of the noble class (Nahuatl languages: pipiltin) and instituting a set of legal codes, and the practice of reinstating conquered rulers in their cities bound by fealty to the Mexica tlatoani. [45] [46] [43] Axayacatl and Tizoc [ edit ] Minahan, James B. (2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems. ABC-CLIO. p.718. ISBN 9780313344978. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2020.

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Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. (1998). "The multiple identities of Aztec craft specialists". Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. 8 (1): 145–152. doi: 10.1525/ap3a.1998.8.1.145. La cultura azteca presenta alcune singolari contraddizioni. Questo popolo, per tanti aspetti molto raffinato, non conosceva per esempio l’applicazione pratica della ruota, che pure era presente nei giocattoli dei bambini; non conosceva nemmeno gli utensili di metallo, nonostante l’oro e il rame, importati dal Perù fin dal XIII secolo, fossero molto usati in oreficeria. Architettura e scultura Carrasco, Pedro (1999). The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3144-3.

Archeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, in his essay Symbolism of the Templo Mayor, posits that the orientation of the temple is indicative of the totality of the vision the Mexica had of the universe ( cosmovision). He states that the "principal center, or navel, where the horizontal and vertical planes intersect, that is, the point from which the heavenly or upper plane and the plane of the Underworld begin and the four directions of the universe originate, is the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan". Matos Moctezuma supports his supposition by claiming that the temple acts as an embodiment of a living myth where "all sacred power is concentrated and where all the levels intersect". [82] [83] Other major city-states [ edit ] Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance that controlled what is often known as the "Aztec Empire". The usage of the term "Aztec" in describing the empire centered in Tenochtitlan, has been criticized by Robert H. Barlow who preferred the term "Culhua-Mexica", [13] [15] and by Pedro Carrasco who prefers the term "Tenochca empire". [16] Carrasco writes about the term "Aztec" that "it is of no use for understanding the ethnic complexity of ancient Mexico and for identifying the dominant element in the political entity we are studying". [16] Nei secoli prima dell'arrivo dei conquistatori spagnoli nell'era dell'esplorazione europea, gli Aztechi governavano un potente impero in tutto il Messico centrale. Un aspetto importante dell'Impero azteco e della storia sono le loro credenze e pratiche religiose. La religione azteca include i miti, le credenze e le usanze dell'impero azteco prima della conquista spagnola del Messico. Dopo il XIV secolo, gli Aztechi contattarono le tribù vicine, assorbirono le caratteristiche culturali di ciascuna tribù e impararono dai loro miti, rituali religiosi e credenze.

Architettura e scultura

Song and poetry were highly regarded; there were presentations and poetry contests at most of the Aztec festivals. There were also dramatic presentations that included players, musicians and acrobats. There were several different genres of cuicatl (song): Yaocuicatl was devoted to war and the god(s) of war, Teocuicatl to the gods and creation myths and to adoration of said figures, xochicuicatl to flowers (a symbol of poetry itself and indicative of the highly metaphorical nature of a poetry that often used duality to convey multiple layers of meaning). "Prose" was tlahtolli, also with its different categories and divisions. [115] [116] a b "Náhuatl: AR-Z". Vocabulario.com.mx. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012. O'Leary, Devin D. (3 May 2007). "The Other Conquest Conquers America". Alibi. Vol.16, no.18. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018.

Main article: Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas Depiction of smallpox during the Spanish conquest in Book XII of the Florentine Codex Diel, Lori B. (2005). "Women and political power: The inclusion and exclusion of noblewomen in Aztec pictorial histories". RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 47 (1): 82–106. doi: 10.1086/resv47n1ms20167660. S2CID 157991841. The Aztecs appeared in Mesoamerica–as the south-central region of pre-Columbian Mexico is known–in the early 13th century. Their arrival came just after, or perhaps helped bring about, the fall of the previously dominant Mesoamerican civilization, the Toltecs.The centerpiece of Tenochtitlan was the Templo Mayor, the Great Temple, a large stepped pyramid with a double staircase leading up to two twin shrines– one dedicated to Tlaloc, the other to Huitzilopochtli. This was where most of the human sacrifices were carried out during the ritual festivals and the bodies of sacrificial victims were thrown down the stairs. The temple was enlarged in several stages, and most of the Aztec rulers made a point of adding a further stage, each with a new dedication and inauguration. The temple has been excavated in the center of Mexico City and the rich dedicatory offerings are displayed in the Museum of the Templo Mayor. [81] Lopez Luhan, Leonardo. "Tenochtitlán: Centro Cerimoniale." Archeologia dell'antico Messico e dell'America centrale: un'enciclopedia. ed. Evans, Susan Toby e David L. Webster. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 2001. 712–17. Stampa. The Aztec calendar, common in much of Mesoamerica, was based on a solar cycle of 365 days and a ritual cycle of 260 days; the calendar played a central role in the religion and rituals of Aztec society. European Invasion & Fall of the Aztec Civilization The Aztecs did not have a fully developed writing system like the Maya; however, like the Maya and Zapotec, they did use a writing system that combined logographic signs with phonetic syllable signs. Logograms would, for example, be the use of an image of a mountain to signify the word tepetl, "mountain", whereas a phonetic syllable sign would be the use of an image of a tooth tlantli to signify the syllable tla in words unrelated to teeth. The combination of these principles allowed the Aztecs to represent the sounds of names of persons and places. Narratives tended to be represented through sequences of images, using various iconographic conventions such as footprints to show paths, temples on fire to show conquest events, etc. [110]

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